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Torana

For the Australian car, see Holden Torana. For decorative door hanging, see Toran (art).

A torana (Sanskrit: तोरण; [tawr-uh-nuh]) is a free-standing ornamental or arched gateway for ceremonial purposes in Hindu, Buddhist and Jain architecture of the Indian subcontinent.[1] Toranas can also be widely seen in Southeast Asia and parts of East Asia.[2] Chinese Shanmen gateways, Japanese torii gateways,[3][4][5] Korean Iljumun and Hongsalmun gateways, Vietnamese Tam quan gateways, and Thai Sao Ching Cha[6] were derived from the Indian torana. They are also referred to as vandanamalikas.[1]

Multiple kinds of Torana

History

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Torana of Sanchi Stupa. The stupa dates to the period of the Mauryan Empire (3rd century BC), but the torana itself dates to the Satavahana period, in the 1st century CE. The site is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Indologist art historian and archaeologist Percy Brown has traced the origin of torana from the grama-dvara (village-gateways) of the vedic era (1500 BCE – 500 BCE) village which later developed as a popular adornment for cities, places, and sacred shrines.[7] According to the vedic text, the Arthasastra, gateways of different forms were to adorn the entrance to a city or a palace.[7]

A granite stone fragment of an arch discovered by K. P. Jayaswal from Kumhrar, Pataliputra has been analysed as a pre Mauryan Nanda period keystone fragment of a trefoil arch of gateway with mason's marks of three archaic Brahmi letters inscribed on it which probably decorated a torana.[8][9][10] The wedge shaped stone with indentation has mauryan polish on two sides and was suspended vertically.[citation needed]

In the Mauryan Empire, the archaeological evidence shows the toranas of Sanchi Stupa dates back to the 3rd century BCE. The form of the Sanchi torana appears to reflect earlier examples in wood, which was popular in Indian architecture before the 3rd century BCE.[11][12][13]

In Kalinga architecture we can see the torana in many temples built from the 7th to 12th centuries. Jagannath Temple, Puri, Rajarani Temple and Mukteswar Temple are the few example of Kalinga architecture having torana.

In Gujarat, several toranas were built under the Chaulukya dynasty (10th-12th century), mostly associated with temples.[14]

Types of torana

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Toran from Gujarat, 20th Century, plain cotton weave with embroidery and mirror work, Honolulu Museum of Art. The hanging pieces are stylized mango leaves. Could be tied over a door as dvara-torana or hung on a wall as bhitti-torana.

There are many different types of toranas, such as, patra-torana (on the scrolls or gateway adornment made of leaves), puspa-torana (made of flowers), ratna-torana (made of precious stones), stambha-torana (made on pillars), citra-torana (made of paintings), bhitti-torana (adornment made on walls, such as over the wall recess or false portals and windows, could even be a specific type of wall painting) and dvara-toranas (appended adornment over a gateway (e.g. toran) or an adorned gateways itself).[7][1] These are mentioned in the medieval Indian architectural treatises.[1]

Socio-religious significance of torana

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Hindola Torana. 9th century torana in Madhya Pradesh, India.

Torana is a sacred or honorific gateway in Buddhist and Hindu architecture.[15] Its typical form is a projecting cross-piece resting on two uprights or posts. It is made of wood or stone, and the cross-piece is generally of three bars placed one on the top of the other; both cross-piece and posts are usually sculpted.

Toranas are associated with Buddhist stupas like the Great Stupa in Sanchi, as well as with Jain and Hindu structures, and also with several secular structures. Symbolic toranas can also be made of flowers and even leaves and hung over the doors and at entrances, particularly in Western and Southern India. They are believed to bring good fortune and signify auspicious and festive occasions. They can also serve didactic and narrative purposes or be erected to mark the victory of a king.[16]

During the Vesak festival of Sri Lanka it is a tradition to erect electrically illuminated colorful Vesak toranas in public places. These decorations are temporary installations which remain in public display for couple of weeks starting from the day of Vesak.

Thorana (Vesak)

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During the Vesak festival of Sri Lanka it is a tradition to erect electrically illuminated colorful Vesak Pandols (Thorana) in public places (usually organized by communities, trade organisations). These decorations are temporary installations which remain in public display for couple of weeks starting from the day of Vesak. Moreover, these large structures attracts so many locals in Sri Lanka, and also foreign people from around the world.

 
Grandpass Vesak Thorana (Pandol) 2022

Usage outside India

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See also: Influence of Indian architecture on other nations, Greater India, Indosphere, and History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia

East and Southeast Asia

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See also: Indianization of Southeast Asia, Sanskritization, Indianization of Southeast Asia, and Silk Road transmission of Buddhism

Many places that were part of the Greater India and Indosphere were Indianised, as great deal of cultural exchange with India took place in ancient times, examples of cultural and religious practices influenced by the Indian practices include Thai, Chinese, Korean, Japanese and other South Asian, East Asian and Southeast Asian cultures.[17][18][19][20] For example, Benzaiten is a Japanese name for the Hindu goddess Saraswati,[21][22] and the ancient Siddhaṃ script, which disappeared from India by 1200 CE, is still written by monks in Japan.[23][24][25]

Ancient Indian torna sacred gateway architecture has influenced gateway architecture across Asia specially where Buddhism was transmitted from India; Chinese paifang gateways[26][3] Japanese torii gateways,[3][6] Korean hongsalmun gateway,[27] and Sao Ching Cha in Thailand[6] have been derived from the Indian torana.[27] The functions of all are similar, but they generally differ based on their respective architectural styles.[4][5]

Torana Gate, Malaysia, a torana gateway) in Brickfields in Kuala Lumpur,[28][29] is a gift from the Government of India to Malaysia,[30] construction of which in design identical to the Sanchi Stupa was completed in 2015.[31]

Torii in Japan

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The famous torii at Itsukushima Shrine, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Japan, where the Indian Hindu goddess Saraswati is worshipped as the Buddhist-Shinto goddess Benzaiten.

The torii, a gateway erected on the approach to every Shinto shrine, was derived from the Indian torana.[32] According to several scholars, the vast evidence shows how the torii, both etymologically and architecturally, were originally derived from the torana, a free-standing sacred ceremonial gateway which marks the entrance of a sacred enclosure, such as Hindu-Buddhist temple or shrine, or city.[33][34][35][36][37][38][39]

Hongsalmun gateways and Iljumun gates in Korea

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Hongsalmun, in red, at the tomb of legendary Korean Emperor Suro of Geumgwan Gaya and his legendary wife Queen Heo Hwang-ok believed to be an Indian princess and mother of all Koreans of Heo and Kim clans.

The hongsalmun is a gate for entering a sacred place in Korea.[40][41] It is arranged by two round poles set vertically and two transverse bars.[40] It has no roof and door-gate, and placed on the middle top gate is a symbol of the trisula and the taegeuk image.[40] Hongsalmun are usually erected to indicate Korean Confucian sites, such as shrines, tombs, and academies such as hyanggyo and seowon.[40]

Paifang in China

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The paifang, also known as a pailou, is a traditional style of Chinese architectural arch or gateway structure. Originally derived from Indian torana through the introduction of Buddhism to China, it has evolved into many styles and has been introduced to other East Asian countries such as Korea, Japan, and Vietnam.[27]

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Toranas in India

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Hindu, Buddhist and Jain toranas

Toranas overseas

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Hindu, Buddhist and Jain toranas outside India

Derived styles

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Related styles

See also

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References

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Citations

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  1. ^ a b c d Parul Pandya Dhar (2010): The Torana in Indian and Southeast Asian Architecture. New Delhi: D K Printworld. ISBN 978-8124605349.
  2. ^ Hardy, Adam (2003). "Toraṇa | Grove Art". doi:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T085631. ISBN 978-1-884446-05-4. Retrieved 2018-08-08.
  3. ^ a b c Albert Henry Longhurst (1992). The Story of the Stūpa. Asian Educational Services. p. 17. ISBN 978-81-206-0160-4.
  4. ^ a b Ronald G. Knapp (2000). China's old dwellings. University of Hawaii Press. p. 85. ISBN 0-8248-2214-5.
  5. ^ a b Simon Foster; Jen Lin-Liu; Sharon Owyang; Sherisse Pham; Beth Reiber; Lee Wing-sze (2010). Frommer's China. Frommers. p. 435. ISBN 978-0-470-52658-3.
  6. ^ a b c Scheid, Bernhard. "Religion in Japan". Torii (in German). University of Vienna. Retrieved 12 February 2010.
  7. ^ a b c Krishna Chandra Panigrahi, Harish Chandra Das and Snigdha Tripathy, 1994, Kṛṣṇa pratibhā: studies in Indology : Prof. Krishna Chandra Panigrahi commemoration volume, Volume 1, page 12.
  8. ^ The Calcutta University (1923). Proceedinds And Transactions Of The Second Oriental Conference (1923).
  9. ^ Spooner, Brainerd (1924). Annual Report Of The Archaeological Survey Of India 1921-22.
  10. ^ Chandra, Ramaprasad (1927). Memoirs of the archaeological survey of India no.30.
  11. ^ Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, C. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD, Julia Shaw, Left Coast Press, 2013 p.88ff
  12. ^ Buddhist Architecture Huu Phuoc Le, Grafikol, 2010 p.149
  13. ^ Ancient Indian History and Civilization, Sailendra Nath Sen, New Age International, 1999 p.170
  14. ^ Senpramanik, Shushmita (2015-08-03). "TORAN ARCHITECTURE OF GUJARAT". Academia.edu. Retrieved 2017-06-20.
  15. ^ "Torana | Indian temple gateway".
  16. ^ Parul Pandya Dhar, (2010). The Torana in Indian and Southeast Asian Architecture, (New Delhi: D K Printworld,).
  17. ^ Kenneth R. Hal (1985). Maritime Trade and State Development in Early Southeast Asia. University of Hawaii Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-8248-0843-3.
  18. ^ Fussman, Gérard (2008–2009). "History of India and Greater India". La Lettre du Collège de France (4): 24–25. doi:10.4000/lettre-cdf.756. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
  19. ^ Lavy, Paul (2003), "As in Heaven, So on Earth: The Politics of Visnu Siva and Harihara Images in Preangkorian Khmer Civilisation", Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 34 (1): 21–39, doi:10.1017/S002246340300002X, S2CID 154819912, retrieved 23 December 2015
  20. ^ "Buddhism in China: A Historical Overview" (PDF). The Saylor Foundation 1. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
  21. ^ Catherine Ludvik (2001), From Sarasvati to Benzaiten, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Toronto, National Library of Canada; PDF Download
  22. ^ Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 24–25: 397. 1997. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  23. ^ SM Dine, 2012, Sanskrit Beyond Text: The Use of Bonji (Siddham) in Mandala and Other Imagery in Ancient and Medieval Japan, University of Washington.
  24. ^ Siddhaṃ : the perfect script.
  25. ^ Buddhism guide: Shingon.
  26. ^ Joseph Needham, Science and Civilization in China, Vol 4 part 3, p137-138
  27. ^ a b c A.H. Longhurst (1995). Story Of The Stupa. Asian Educational Services. pp. 17–. ISBN 978-81-206-0160-4.
  28. ^ "Modi to inaugurate 'Torana' Gate at Brickfields".
  29. ^ "Najib, Modi jointly launch Torana Gate in Brickfields | New Straits Times". 23 November 2015.
  30. ^ "What's so special about Torana Gate inaugurated by PM Modi in Kuala Lumpur's 'Little India'?". 23 November 2015.
  31. ^ "Torana Gate a high point in Malaysia-India relations".
  32. ^ Shôzô Yamaguchi, Frederic De Garis and Atsuharu Sakai, 1964, We Japanese: Miyanushita, Hakone, Fujiya Hotel, Page 200.
  33. ^ 1987, Tenri Journal of Religion, Issue 21, Page 89.
  34. ^ Louis Fredric, 2002, Japan Encyclopedia, page 986.
  35. ^ Atsuharu Sakai, 1949, Japan in a Nutshell: Religion, culture, popular practices. Page 6.
  36. ^ Parul Pandya Dhar, 2010, The Toraṇa in the Indian and Southeast Asian Architecture, page 295.
  37. ^ Fosco Maraini, 1960, Ore giapponesi, Interpretive description of modern Japan by an Italian linguist and photographer who spent many years there, page 132.
  38. ^ Parul Pandya Dhar, 2010, The Toraṇa in the Indian and Southeast Asian Architecture, Page 295.
  39. ^ Torii-A DOORWAY INTO THE JAPANESE SOUL
  40. ^ a b c d An Illustrated Guide to Korean Culture - 233 traditional key words. Seoul: Hakgojae Publishing Co. 2002. pp. 186–187. ISBN 9788985846981.
  41. ^ (in English) A Trip to Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty, visitkorea. Access date: June 12, 2010.

Bibliography

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  • Joseph Needham: Science and Civilization in China, Vol. 4, part 3, pp. 137–138.
  • Ram Nath (1995): Studies in Medieval Indian Architecture. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. 172 pages. ISBN 81-85880-56-5
  • Nick Edwards, Mike Ford, Devdan Sen, Beth Wooldridge, David Abram (2003): The Rough Guide to India. Rough Guides. 1440 pages. ISBN 9781843530893.
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