Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus (died 212 BC[1]) was a Roman republican consul in the Second Punic War. He was son of the Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus who was consul in 238 BC,[2] who was apparently the first man from his branch of the family to become a consul.[citation needed]
Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus | |
|---|---|
| Died | 212 BC |
| Cause of death | Killed in ambush |
| Nationality | Roman |
| Occupation(s) | Politician and soldier |
| Office |
|
| Father | Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus |
| Relatives | Publius Sempronius Gracchus |
| Military career | |
| Rank | Magister equitum, consul, proconsul |
| Wars | Second Punic War |
Political career
editGracchus is first mentioned in 216 BC as a curule aedile;[3] he was made magister equitum in the dictatorship of Marcus Junius Pera after the defeat at Cannae.[4]
He was elected consul to serve for 215 BC, at the recommendation of the dictator whose orders he had faithfully obeyed even when obliged to abandon Italian allies to their fate.[citation needed] His colleague-elect Lucius Postumius Albinus was killed in an ambush in Gaul on his way home.[5] Marcus Claudius Marcellus was elected suffect consul, but his election was declared invalid by the augurs, who forced him to resign.[6] The invalidity was supposedly the result of patrician agitation, claiming that two plebeians could not serve as consuls together.[citation needed] Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus was then elected suffect consul to serve out the year.[6] During his consulship, Gracchus raised forces and took his forces to garrison Campania and the city of Cumae after conducting the elections for both suffect consuls.[7]
During his first consulship, Fabius and the senate decided to enlist slave volunteers into the Roman army in separate legions in return for their freedom. Gracchus was appointed commander of the slave troops. He rapidly became known as an effective general of the volunteer slaves, winning their loyalty and trust for his clemency when some broke and ran from the field.[citation needed]
He was prorogued pro consule into 214 BC,[8] continuing to lead his slave and freedmen troops. His slave forces captured Cumae and Philip V of Macedon's envoys to Hannibal. After preventing Hanno (Hannibal's nephew) from reinforcing Hannibal's forces in Italy, the slaves were freed for their services.[2]
He was re-elected consul for 213 BC.[9] During his consulship, he appointed Gaius Claudius Centho as dictator to oversee consular elections and commanded near Luceria in northern Italy.[10] In the next year, when he was bringing troops to reinforce Capua, he and his men were ambushed and killed:[1] a Roman ally defected while leading Gracchus to a place where the Carthaginian commander Mago Barca was waiting in ambush.[11] Hannibal gave the dead general full funeral rites and returned his bones to his soldiers for burial.[12]
Family
editHis wife is unknown, but he had at least one son. This Gracchus's son, Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, became a priest in 203 BC and died, while an augur, in the plague in 174 BC.[citation needed] His brother Publius Sempronius Gracchus was the father of the Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus who was consul in 177 BC,[citation needed] whose sons Tiberius Gracchus and Gaius Gracchus were the famous reformers.
References
edit- Citations
- ^ a b Broughton 1951, p. 269.
- ^ a b Badian 2012, p. 1344.
- ^ Broughton 1951, p. 249.
- ^ Broughton 1951, p. 248.
- ^ Broughton 1951, p. 253.
- ^ a b Broughton 1951, p. 254.
- ^ Broughton 1951, pp. 253–54.
- ^ Broughton 1951, p. 260.
- ^ Broughton 1951, p. 262.
- ^ Broughton 1951, pp. 262–63.
- ^ Val. Max., 1.6.8.
- ^ Val. Max., 5.1, ext 6.
- Sources
- Badian, Ernst (2012). "Sempronius Gracchus (1), Tiberius". In Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (eds.). The Oxford classical dictionary (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8. OCLC 959667246.
- Broughton, Thomas Robert Shannon (1951). The magistrates of the Roman republic. Vol. 1. New York: American Philological Association.
- Livy (1905) [1st century AD]. . Translated by Roberts, Canon – via Wikisource.
- Valerius Maximus (2004). Memorable deeds and sayings: one thousand tales from ancient Rome. Translated by Walker, Henry. Indianapolis: Hackett. ISBN 0-87220-675-0. OCLC 53231884.