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Sexual arousal disorder is characterized by a lack or absence of sexual fantasies and desire for sexual activity in a situation that would normally produce sexual arousal, or the inability to attain or maintain typical responses to sexual arousal. The disorder is found in the DSM-IV.[1] The condition should not be confused with a sexual desire disorder.
The term is often used in the diagnosis of women (female sexual arousal disorder), while the term erectile dysfunction (ED) is often used for men.
Signs and symptoms
editIn women, the symptoms of the disorder include:
- Lack of vaginal lubrication
- Lack of vaginal dilation or lengthening
- Decreased genital tumescence or swelling
- Decreased genital or nipple sensation
However, whether lack of physiological arousal is a reliable symptom of the disorder is questionable. Research has shown that women with arousal deficits and women without arousal deficits show equivalent increases in physiological response during experience of erotic stimuli.[2][3]
Causes
editContrary to popular belief, the disorder is not always caused from a lack of sexual arousal. Possible causes of the disorder include psychological and emotional factors, such as depression, anger, and stress; relationship factors, such as conflict or lack of trust; medical factors, such as depleted hormones, reduced regional blood flow, and nerve damage; and drug use. The lack of sexual arousal may be due to a general lack of sexual desire or due to a lack of sexual desire for the current partner (i.e., situational). A person may always have had no or low sexual desire or the lack of desire may have been acquired during the person's life.
Certain medications like SSRIs may contribute to a loss of sexual arousal, either while taking the medication or during withdrawal. In seemingly rare cases, SSRIs have been reported to cause a reduction in sexual arousal that last months or years after discontinuation, a condition termed post-SSRI sexual dysfunction (PSSD).
Diagnosis
editA psychologist will first consider any psychological or emotional problems; while a sex therapist will examine relationship issues; after which a medical doctor will investigate medical causes for the disorder. In order to receive this diagnosis, a woman must, for at least 6 months, report at least 3 of the following symptoms: absent or significantly reduced interest in sexual activity, in sexual or erotic thoughts or fantasies, in initiation of sex or receptiveness to sex, in excitement or pleasure in most sexual encounters, in sexual responsiveness to erotic cues, or in genital or non-genital responses to sexual activity. This can be either lifelong or acquired.[4]
Treatment
editDepending on the cause of the disorder, hormone therapy or a blood-flow enhancing medication, like Viagra, may be appropriate.
Bremelanotide (formerly PT-141) is being studied in clinical tests to increase sexual desire in women. In 2014, Palatin, the company developing the drug, announced the beginning of a Phase 3 clinical trial to determine its effectiveness.[5]
Vibrators have also been found to be effective at addressing sexual arousal disorder.[6] Sometimes described as a massager, the vibrator is used on the body to produce sexual stimulation. Examples of FDA registered vibrators for sexual arousal disorder include MysteryVibe's Crescendo.[6][7]
References
edit- ^ DSM-IV, American Psychiatric Association 1994
- ^ Morokoff PJ, Heiman JR (1980). "Effects of Erotic Stimuli on Sexually Functional and Dysfunctional Women". Behaviour Research and Therapy. 18 (2): 127–137. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(80)90107-2. PMID 7189397.
- ^ Laan E, van Driel EM, van Lunsen RH (June 2008). "Genital Responsiveness in Healthy Women With and Without Sexual Arousal Disorder". Journal of Sexual Medicine. 5 (6): 1424–1435. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.00827.x. PMID 18410301.
- ^ Hoeksema, S. (2007). Abnormal psychology (4th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
- ^ "Palatin Announces Start of Bremelanotide Phase 3 Program For Female Sexual Dysfunction" (Press release). PR Newswire. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
- ^ a b Dr. Jesús E, Rodríguez; Lucrecia, Martínez; Natalia, Bonachera (6 July 2023). "A Cognitive Behavioral Intervention For Female Sexual Arousal Disorders Using A Vibrating Device". The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 20 (4). doi:10.1093/jsxmed/qdad062.038. Archived from the original on 19 July 2023. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
- ^ Geddes, Linda (9 June 2023). "'Between pleasure and health': how sex-tech firms are reinventing the vibrator". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 18 July 2023.