Sumbawa or Samawa people are an ethnic group of people native to the western and central region of Sumbawa Island, which comprises West Sumbawa Regency and Sumbawa Regency. The Sumbawa people refer themselves as Tau Samawa people and their language is the Sumbawa language.[3] Neither the Bimanese nor the Sumbawa people have alphabets of their own; they use the alphabets of the Bugis and the Malay language indifferently.[4] The majority of the Sumbawa people practice Islam. The Sumbawa people once established their own government which became the Sumbawa Sultanate and lasted until 1931.[5]
Tau Samawa | |
|---|---|
 A Sumbawa family on the stairs of their home, pre-1943. | |
| Total population | |
| 600,000[1] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 Indonesia (Sumbawa Island) | |
| Languages | |
| Sumbawa language, Indonesian language | |
| Religion | |
| Islam (predominantly)[2] | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Bimanese people, Balinese people, Sasak people, Savu people |
History
editThe Sumbawa people inhabit the western part of the Sumbawa Island and about another 38 smaller islands. In the eastern borders, the Sumbawa people are closely related to the Bima people. The Sumbawa people descended from the ancient Austronesian people that came to the island thousands of years ago. In the 14th century, the western part of the Sumbawa Island is regarded as a territory dependent on the Javanese Majapahit kingdom. Later the formation of the West Sumbawa government became dependent on the Bali Kingdom. In 1650-1750, the West Sumbawa sultans themselves became possessors of lands at the nearby Lombok Island.
In the 17th century, Islam was spread among the Sumbawa people. However this influence only gained significant importance in the 19th century in relation to the reforms that were carried out by the local monarch to strengthen their power after the catastrophic Tambora eruption. Thus, they have also contributed to the cultural unification of the local population.
As early as the 16th century, the Sumbawa people have been known to be suppliers of valuable fragrant wood,[6] honey, rice[7] and horses[8] to other countries within the Southeast Asian region. Since 1605, they were already actively trading with the Dutch. Thanks to the Dutch traders in the Sumbawa Island, the locals began to grow coffee; which then became the main export produce. In the 19th century, the governing of the Sumbawa people came under the Dutch colonies. In 1949, West Sumbawa became part of Indonesia.
Religion
editMost of the Sumbawa people practice Sunni Islam faith,[9] but among the Sumbawa people, some of the ancient cults, traditional beliefs and rituals are still preserved. The Sumbawa people still believe in the existence of many spirits and witchcraft. Their shamans have a certain social influence; who act as counselors and witch doctors.[10]
Culture
editSumbawa folklore consist of a lot of fairy tales, legends, historical tales, nursery rhymes, dance and musical performance. The Sakeco music always plays a special role in the custom of Sumbawa people.[11]
Economy
editThe main livelihood of the Sumbawa people are agriculture and animal husbandry.[12] They usually cultivate the earth by slash-and-burn method. Plow and irrigation methods are very rarely used. The main agriculture produce is rice, which is predominantly used in their dietary. Sumbawa people traditionally grow corn (which has become a major industry),[13] beans, peppers, vegetables, onions, garlic, tobacco, coffee and fruit trees, which are also grown primarily for trading. Horse and cattle breeding is dominant in livestock breeding,[12] but the breeding of buffaloes, small horned livestock and poultry are also developed. Aquaculture are carried out in flooded fields and artificial ponds. In forestry, wild nuts, beeswax and frankincense are gathered.
Dietary
editSumbawa people eat mostly plant based foods, while consumption of meat takes place during festivals and other celebrations.
Settlements
editThe Sumbawa villages are characterized by the so-called scattered houses, when settlements are actually made up of separate estates. They live in permanent settlements, as well as in temporary ones. Large villages are divided into several smaller rukun warga, each of which has its own administration. However, the villagers are united together in a form of community to collectively deal with problems of land use and irrigation. Temporary building shelters are found in the mountainous areas that are free from the jungle areas. Traditional framed houses on stilts with high roofing is divided into several rooms- generally 4 to 6 rooms. There is no ceiling, instead an attic is made over the female part of the house. In the fields, temporary settlements are often located; where women, old people and children also reside.
Society
editTraditionally, the society is divided into three groups namely, the relatives of the monarchy family, the nobles and the free person of ordinary commoners. Dominated by smaller nucleus family, but the family maintained close ties up to the sixth generation. Tracing of family tree is conducted simultaneously from both the male and female line.
A traditional family is monogamous. However in principle polygamy is not forbidden in religion, but it is practiced quite rarely because of the big sum of money that the bridegroom must pay for the bride and usually common among the upper class.[14] Elements of the traditional wedding such as a long series of ceremonies and engagement have been preserved, such as bride price, a joint bathing ceremony of the bride and groom[15] and a common dining table. The bride must receive the blessing of their parents. In the past, newlyweds that did not receive parental blessings are regarded as an insult to the relatives and become refugees of mandatory persecution.
References
edit- ^ "Sumbawa in Indonesia". Joshua Project. Retrieved 2016-02-12.
- ^ "Sumbawans | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
- ^ Lalu Mantja (1984). Sumbawa Pada Sasa Dulu: Suatu Tinjauan Sejarah. Rinta. ISBN 979-15833-8-2.
- ^ James Cowles Prichard (1874). Researches into the Physical History of Mankind Volume 5: Containing Researches Into the History of the Oceanic and of the American Nations. Sherwood, Gilbert, and Piper. ASIN B0041T3N9G.
- ^ Miriam Coronel Ferrer (1999). Sama-Sama: Facets Of Ethnic Relations In South East Asia. Third World Studies Center, University Of The Philippines. ISBN 971-91111-7-8.
- ^ Anthony Webster, Ulbe Bosma & Jaime de Melo, ed. (2015). Commodities, Ports and Asian Maritime Trade Since 1750. Springer. p. 64. ISBN 978-11-374-6392-0.
- ^ Matsuyama (2013). Traditional Dietary Culture Of Southeast Asia. Routledge. ISBN 978-11-368-8801-4.
- ^ P. Boomgaard & David Henley, ed. (2004). Smallholders and Stockbreeders: History of Foodcrop and Livestock Farming in Southeast Asia. KITLV Press. p. 225. ISBN 90-671-8225-7.
- ^ Terry Miller & Sean Williams, ed. (2011). The Garland Handbook of Southeast Asian Music. Routledge. p. 400. ISBN 978-11-359-0155-4.
- ^ Syarina Hasibuan (2014-09-30). "In Pictures: Indonesia's child jockeys". Al Jazeera Media Network. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
- ^ Indonesia Membangun, Volume 4. Dumas Sari Warna. 1988.
- ^ a b Khee Giap Tan, Mulya Amri, Nurina Merdikawati & Nursyahida Ahmad (2016). 2015 Annual Competitiveness Analysis and Development Strategies for Indonesian Provinces. World Scientific. p. 262. ISBN 978-98-132-0739-4.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "W. Nusa Tenggara to double corn output in 2017". The Jakarta Post. 14 January 2017. Retrieved 2017-05-11.
- ^ "Great Britain. Naval Intelligence Division". A Manual of Netherlands India (Dutch East Indies). H.M. Stationery Office. 1920. p. 237.
- ^ Weer Rajendra Rishi (1970). Marriages of the Orient. Chopmen Enterprises. p. 100. OCLC 4642944.