The River Eden is a river that flows through Cumbria, England. It rises on Black Fell Moss, near the village of Outhgill, and runs in a generally north-westerly direction through the Vale of Eden and Solway Plain before reaching the sea at the Solway Firth.
| Eden Ituna (Roman name) | |
|---|---|
 The Eden at Appleby-in-Westmorland | |
 The River Eden is highlighted in red. | |
| Etymology | Celtic water or rushing |
| Location | |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Constituent country | England |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Source | |
| • location | Black Fell Moss, Mallerstang |
| • coordinates | 54°23′37″N 2°18′05″W / 54.3936°N 2.3014°W |
| • elevation | 670 m (2,200 ft) |
| Mouth | Solway Firth |
• location | Bowness-on-Solway |
• coordinates | 54°57′20″N 3°19′31″W / 54.9556°N 3.3252°W |
• elevation | 0 m (0 ft) |
| Length | 145 km (90 mi) |
| Discharge | |
| • location | Sheepmount, Carlisle |
| • average | 51.82 m3/s (1,830 cu ft/s) |
| • maximum | 1,700 m3/s (60,000 cu ft/s)maximum discharge in Dec 2015 |
| Discharge | |
| • location | Temple Sowerby |
| • average | 14.44 m3/s (510 cu ft/s) |
| Basin features | |
| Tributaries | |
| • left | Caldew, Petteril, Eamont |
| • right | Irthing |
 | |
Etymology
editThe river was known to the Romans as the Itouna, as recorded by the Greek geographer Claudius Ptolemaeus (Ptolemy) in the 2nd century AD. This name derives from the Celtic word ituna, meaning water,[1] or rushing.[2] Thus there is no relation to the biblical Garden of Eden.
Course of river
editThe Eden rises in Black Fell Moss, Mallerstang, on the high ground between High Seat, Yorkshire Dales and Hugh Seat. Here it forms the boundary between the counties of Cumbria and North Yorkshire; the river gave its name to the former Eden district of Cumbria. Two other rivers arise in the same peat bogs here, within a kilometre of each other: the River Swale and River Ure.
It starts life as Red Gill Beck, then becomes Hell Gill Beck, before turning north and joining with Ais Gill Beck to become the River Eden. (Hell Gill Force, just before it meets Ais Gill Beck, is the highest waterfall along its journey to the sea).
The steep-sided dale of Mallerstang later opens out to become the Vale of Eden. The river flows through Kirkby Stephen and Appleby-in-Westmorland, and receives the water of many becks flowing off the Pennines to the east, and longer rivers from the Lake District off to the west, including the River Lyvennet, River Leith and River Eamont, which arrives via Ullswater and Penrith.
Continuing north, it formed the eastern boundary of Inglewood Forest.[3] It passes close to the ancient stone circle known as Long Meg and Her Daughters and through the sparsely populated beef and dairy farming regions of the vale of Cumbria on the Solway Plain. After flowing through Wetheral, where it is crossed by Corby Bridge, a Grade I listed railway viaduct of 1834, it merges with the River Irthing from the east, followed by the River Petteril and River Caldew from the south, as it winds through Carlisle.
Its junction with the River Caldew in north Carlisle marks the point where Hadrian's Wall crosses the Eden, only five miles before both reach their end at the tidal flats. It enters the Solway Firth near the mouth of the River Esk after a total distance of approximately 81 miles (130 km).
Ecology
editThe river supports Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra).[4][5] The river and its tributaries are designated a Special Area of Conservation under the European Union's Habitats Directive. The area protected by the SAC includes Ullswater.[5]
See also
edit- List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Cumbria
- The Stream Invites Us to Follow[6] by Dick Capel published by Saraband
References
edit- ^ The Oxford Names Companion, Oxford University Press, Second edition 1998, 019860561-7
- ^ Adrian Room, Dictionary of Place Names in the British Isles. Bloomsbury, 1988, 074750170-X
- ^ Mannix; Whellan (1847). History, Gazetteer and Directory of Cumberland.
- ^ "Saving Eden's salmon". Eden Rivers Trust. 2016. Archived from the original on 29 August 2018. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
- ^ a b "Site Improvement Plan, River Eden". Natural England. 8 October 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
- ^ Capel, Dick (2020). The Stream Invites Us to Follow: Exploring the Eden from Source to Sea. Saraband. ISBN 978-1-912235-85-8. OCLC 1148884572.
Bibliography
edit- Capel, Dick (2020). The Stream Invites Us to Follow. Saraband. ISBN 9781912235841.
- Hamilton, John (1999) [1993]. Mallerstang Dale, The Head of the Eden. Broadcast Books. ISBN 1-874092-21-4.
- Hanson, Neil (1990). Walking Through Eden. Pavilion Books. ISBN 1-85145-393-8.
- Wainwright, A (1980). An Eden Sketchbook. Westmorland Gazette.