The Reguibat (Arabic: الرقيبات; variously transliterated Reguibate, Rguibat, R'gaybat, R'gibat, Erguibat, Ergaybat) is a Sahrawi tribal confederation of mixed Arab[2][3][4] and Sanhaja Berber origins.[5][6][7][8] The Reguibat speak Hassaniya Arabic, and are Arab in culture. They claim descent from Sidi Ahmed al-Reguibi, an Arab Islamic preacher from Beni Hassan who settled in Saguia el-Hamra in 1503.[9] They also believe that they are, through him, a chorfa tribe, i.e. descendants of Muhammad. Religiously, they belong to the Maliki school of Sunni Islam.
| Reguibat | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Ethnicity | Arab-Berber |
| Location | Western Sahara, Mauritania, Morocco, Algeria |
| Descended from | Sidi Ahmed al-Reguibi |
| Population | 100,000 (1996)[1] |
| Language | Hassaniya Arabic |
| Religion | Sunni Islam |
Their population in 1996 exceeded 100,000 people.[1]
History
editThis article needs additional citations for verification. (August 2011) |
Initially an important Arabic zawiya or religious tribe with a semi-sedentary lifestyle, the Reguibat gradually turned during the 18th century towards camel-rearing, raiding and nomadism, in response attacks from neighboring tribes which provoked them into taking up arms and leaving the subordinate position they had previously held. This started a process of rapid expansion, and set the Reguibat on the course towards total transformation into a traditional warrior tribe.[10] In the late 19th century, they had become well-established as the largest Sahrawi tribe, and were recognized as the most powerful warrior tribe of the area.[10]
The grazing lands of the Reguibat fractions extended from Western Sahara into the northern half of Mauritania, the edges of southern Morocco and northern Mali, and large swaths of western Algeria (where they captured the town of Tindouf from the Tajakant tribe in 1895, and turned into an important Reguibat encampment).[10] The Reguibat were known for their skill as warriors, as well as for an uncompromising tribal independence, and dominated large areas of the Sahara Desert through both trade and use of arms.[10] The Reguibat have been trading in the Algerian oasis markets of the Touat and Gourara regions.[2]
Reguibat Sahrawis were very prominent in the resistance to French and Spanish colonization in the 19th and 20th century, and could not be subdued in the Spanish Sahara until 1934, almost 50 years after the area was first colonized by Spain.[10]
Since the 1970s, many Reguibat have been active in the Polisario Front's resistance to Moroccan rule over the still non-sovereign Western Sahara territory. Polisario leader Mohamed Abdelaziz was Reguibi, as is the Moroccan CORCAS leader Khalihenna Ould Errachid.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Olson, James Stuart (1996). The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 494. ISBN 978-0-313-27918-8.
- ^ a b Division, American University (Washington, D. C. ) Foreign Areas Studies; Army, United States (1965). U.S. Army Area Handbook for Algeria. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 89.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Sabatier, Diane Himpan; Himpan, Brigitte (2019-06-28). Nomads of Mauritania. Vernon Press. p. 141. ISBN 978-1-62273-582-2.
- ^ Suwaed, Muhammad (2015-10-30). Historical Dictionary of the Bedouins. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 196. ISBN 978-1-4422-5451-0.
- ^ Barbier, Maurice (2003-06-01). Le conflit du Sahara occidental: Réédition d'un livre paru en 1982 (in French). Editions L'Harmattan. pp. 16–18. ISBN 9782296278776.
- ^ Gaudio, Attilio (1993). Les populations du Sahara occidental: histoire, vie et culture (in French). KARTHALA Editions. p. 36. ISBN 9782865374113.
- ^ Olson, James Stuart (1996). The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 494. ISBN 9780313279188.
- ^ Mohsen-Finan, Khadija (1997). Sahara occidental: les enjeux d'un conflit régional (in French). CNRS éditions. p. 17. ISBN 9782271055149.
......ainsi les Reguibat, qui sont berbères Sanhadja, sont principalement guerriers et accessoirement pasteurs......
- ^ Damis, John James (1983). Conflict in Northwest Africa: The Western Sahara Dispute. Hoover Institute Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-8179-7781-8.
- ^ a b c d e Trout, Frank E. (1969). Morocco's Saharan Frontiers. Geneva: Librairie Droz. pp. 225–228. ISBN 978-2-600-04495-0.
Further reading
edit- John Mercer (1976), Spanish Sahara, George Allen & Unwid Ltd (ISBN 0-04-966013-6)
- Anthony G. Pazzanita (2006), Historical Dictionary of Western Sahara, Scarecrow Press
- Virginia Thompson and Richard Adloff (1980), The Western Saharans. Background to Conflict, Barnes & Noble Books (ISBN 0-389-20148-0)