"Peat Bog Soldiers" (German: Die Moorsoldaten) is one of Europe's best-known protest songs. It exists in countless European languages and became a Republican anthem during the Spanish Civil War.[1] It was a symbol of resistance during the Second World War and is popular with the Peace movement today. It was written, composed and first performed by prisoners in 1933 in a Nazi concentration camp.
Background
editThis song was written by prisoners in Nazi moorland labour camps in Lower Saxony, Germany. The Emslandlager[2] ("Emsland camps") – as they were known – were for political opponents of the Third Reich, located outside of Börgermoor, now part of the commune Surwold, not far from Papenburg. A memorial of these camps, the Dokumentations- und Informationszentrum (DIZ) Emslandlager, is located at Papenburg.
In 1933, one camp, KZ Börgermoor, held about 1,000 Socialist and Communist internees. They were banned from singing existing political songs so they wrote and composed their own. The words were written by Johann Esser (a miner) and Wolfgang Langhoff (an actor); the music was composed by Rudi Goguel and was later adapted by Hanns Eisler and Ernst Busch. When creating it for Busch, Eisler made several changes to the rhythm, including condensing the meter into two-four time.[3]
It was first performed at a Zircus Konzentrani ("concentration camp circus", a word play on circus Sarrasani) on 28 August 1933 at Börgermoor camp. Here is Rudi Goguel's description of it:
The sixteen singers, mostly members of the Solinger workers choir, marched in holding spades over the shoulders of their green police uniforms (our prison uniforms at the time). I led the march, in blue overalls, with the handle of a broken spade for a conductor's baton. We sang and by the end of the second verse nearly all of the thousands of prisoners present gave voice to the chorus. With each verse, the chorus became more powerful and, by the end, the SS – who had turned up with their officers – were also singing, apparently because they too thought themselves "peat bog soldiers". When they got to [the last line], ... "No more the peat bog soldiers / Will march with our spades to the moor.", the sixteen singers rammed their spades into the ground and marched out of the arena; leaving behind their spades which now had, sticking out of the peat bog, become crosses.
The song has a slow simple melody, reflecting a soldier's march, and is deliberately repetitive, echoing and telling of the daily grind of hard labour in harsh conditions. It was popular with German refugees in London in the 1930s and was used as a marching song by the German volunteers of the International Brigades during the Spanish Civil War. It was soon picked up by other nationalities and it appears in almost all the collected anthologies of Spanish Civil War songs.
Lyrics
editLanghoff and Esser's original song runs to six verses, plus refrains (see below). For performance – and, therefore, for most translation – shorter lyrics are used. These omit verses two, three and four of the original.
Wohin auch das Auge blicket,
Moor und Heide nur ringsum.
Vogelsang uns nicht erquicket,
Eichen stehen kahl und krumm.
Refrain:
𝄆 Wir sind die Moorsoldaten
und ziehen mit dem Spaten ins Moor. 𝄇
Hier in dieser öden Heide
ist das Lager aufgebaut,
wo wir fern von jeder Freude
hinter Stacheldraht verstaut.
Refrain
Morgens ziehen die Kolonnen
in das Moor zur Arbeit hin.
Graben bei dem Brand der Sonne,
doch zur Heimat steht der Sinn.
Refrain
Heimwärts, heimwärts jeder sehnet,
zu den Eltern, Weib und Kind.
Manche Brust ein Seufzer dehnet,
weil wir hier gefangen sind.
Refrain
Auf und nieder geh'n die Posten,
keiner, keiner kann hindurch.
Flucht wird nur das Leben kosten,
vierfach ist umzäunt die Burg.
Refrain
Doch für uns gibt es kein Klagen,
ewig kann's nicht Winter sein,
einmal werden froh wir sagen:
Heimat du bist wieder mein.
Final refrain:
𝄆 Dann zieh'n die Moorsoldaten
nicht mehr mit dem Spaten ins Moor. 𝄇
Far and wide as the eye can wander,
Heath and bog are everywhere.
Not a bird sings out to cheer us,
oaks are standing gaunt and bare.
Chorus:
𝄆 We are the peat bog soldiers,
Marching with our spades to the moor. 𝄇
Here in this desolate moorland
the camp is built,
Where we live without any joy
behind barbed wire.
Chorus
In the morning, the columns march
towards the moor to work,
digging under the searing sun,
but home is on their mind.
Chorus
Homewards, homewards everybody longs
for parents, wife and child.
Some chests heave with a sigh,
because we are imprisoned here.
Chorus
Up and down the guards are pacing,
no one, no one can get through.
Flight would mean a sure death, facing
guns and barbed wire greet our view.
Chorus
But for us there is no complaining,
winter will in time be passed.
One day we will cry rejoicing:
Homeland, dear, you're mine at last!
Final chorus:
𝄆 Then will the peat bog soldiers
march no more with their spades to the bog 𝄇.[4]
Music
editOriginal
editEisler arrangement
editSource[5]
References
edit- ^ "Die Moorsoldaten (The Peat-Bog Soldiers)". Smithsonian Folkways Recordings (audio of Ernst Busch). Retrieved 2023-04-17.
- ^ "Esterwegen Labor Camp". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 8 June 2018.
- ^ "Objects – Hanns Eisler / Ernst Busch: Das Moorsoldatenlied (Peat Bog Soldiers; 1937)". kuenste-im-exil.de. Retrieved 2024-10-16.
- ^ "The Song of the Peat Bog Soldiers – Metamorphoses of a Song" by Gisela Probst-Effah, Institut für Europäische Musikethnologie
- ^ a b "Le Börgermoorlied" by Élise Petit, Music and The Holocaust, World ORT (in French)
- ^ "No. 13". Songs of Freedom (PDF). New York: Education Department of the Worker's Circle. n.d. – via marxists.org.
Further reading
edit- Hanns Eisler, "Bericht über die Entstehung eines Arbeiterliedes", in Musik und Politik, Schriften 1924–1948 (Ed. Günter Meyer, Munich, 1973, pp. 274–280)
- Wolfgang Langhoff, Die Moorsoldaten. 13 Monate Konzentrationslager (new edition, 1995)
External links
edit- "Moorsoldatenlied" by Guido Fackler, Music and The Holocaust, World ORT
- Audio on YouTube, Paul Robeson (in English and German)