Government space agencies are established by governments of countries or regional groupings of countries to establish a means for advocating for and/or engaging in activities related to outer space, exploitation of space systems, and space exploration. The listings summarize all countries and regional authorities that have established space agencies. The listings established a comparative summary of demonstrated capabilities across the countries that have invested in the pursuit of space-based objectives.
Government space agency organizations are established with objectives that include national prestige, exploitation of remote sensing information, communications, education, and economic development. These agencies tend to be civil in nature (vs military) and serve to advance the benefits of exploitation and/or exploration of space. Government agencies span the spectrum from ancient organizations with small budgets to mature national or regional enterprises such as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) of the United States, the European Space Agency (ESA) which coordinates for more than 20 constituent countries, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), the Roscosmos State Corporation for Space Activities (Roscosmos) of Russia, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), and the China National Space Agency (CNSA).
The space agency listings are segregated to enable identification of subsets of the complete list that have advanced to higher levels or technical or programmatic proficiency in accordance with the following:
- Establishment of agency, initial exploitation of space-based systems
- Development of launch capability
- Capacity for extraterrestrial exploration
- Demonstration of human spaceflight capability across one or more of these domains
The four listings identify a technological progression in complexity and capacity that historically aligned to the developments that occurred during the 20th century space race between the United States and the Soviet Union. It is not intended to offer that this is the only path to advanced space faring status; variations and adaptations are expected and are likely to occur based on the technological capabilities that are available to today as opposed to 50 or more years ago. For each identified "Demonstrated capability" a reference is included to that program's first demonstration of the technical capacity or capability to meet the defined objective.
The fifth listing identifies countries that are considering or are developing space agency organizations but have not ratified formation or operation as of yet.
Note as well that the demonstrated capabilities represent the national (or regional) capacity to achieve the identified objective. These listings do not attempt to determine which programs were uniquely or solely funded by the space agency itself. For each listing, the short name or acronym identified is the English version, with the native language version below. The date of the founding of the space agency is the date of first operations where applicable. If the space agency is no longer running, then the date when it was terminated. Additionally, the strategic nature of many space programs result in cooperation between civil agency and military organizations to meet unique staff and technical proficiencies required to support space programs given the geographic expanse required to ensure successful operation.
List of space agencies
editAs of 2024,[update] nearly 80 different government space agencies are in existence, including more than 70 national space agencies and several international agencies. Initial competencies demonstrated include the funding and nomination of candidates to serve as astronauts, cosmonauts, or taikonauts with the countries/organizations executing human spaceflight solutions. Other demonstrated capabilities include the operation of a satellite (e.g. a communications or remote sensing system) largely developed and/or delivered by a third party, the domestic development of a satellite system, and the capacity to recover a science payload from a sub-orbital or orbital mission. Several space agencies, both national and international, have demonstrated all four of those capabilities.[citation needed]
List of space agencies with launch capability
editThis group of agencies have developed or are developing launch infrastructure including space launch sites, suborbital launch technology, orbital launch systems, and reusable hardware technologies.
List of space agencies with extraterrestrial exploration capability
editThis group of agencies have developed advanced technological capabilities required for travel and study of other heavenly bodies within the Solar System. These involve the capacity to leave the local area around the planet Earth for lunar and/or missions to other bodies in the Solar System. As of February 2023, six (6) countries/agencies have achieved objectives necessary to be listed here.
Without launch capabilities
editThis category is formed by agencies that operate and construct satellites in extraterrestrial environments, but do not have the capability to transport those satellites to the desired orbit/trajectory/landing spot. As far as we know as of the 10th May 2024, five space agencies have achieved the requirements to be listed here:
| Country | Space agency | Demonstrated capability | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | Acronym | Founded | Operates extraterrestrial orbiter | Controlled surface impact | Uncrewed soft landing | Uncrewed rover operation | Sample return | |
| LuxSpace | No acronym | Nov 2004 | (Manfred Memorial Moon Mission, flyby only) |
|||||
| Italian Space Agency | ITA/ASI | 1 Jan 1988 | (ArgoMoon) |
|||||
| Korea Aerospace Research Institute | KARI | 10 Oct 1989 | (Danuri) |
|||||
| United Arab Emirates Space Agency | UAESA | Aug 2014 [clarification needed] | (Emirates Mars Mission) |
|||||
| Space & Upper Atmosphere Research Commission | SUPARCO | 1961 [clarification needed] | (ICUBE-Q) |
|||||
- Failed projects like "Colmena" of the MSA/AEM (Mexican Space Agency/Agencia Espacial Mejicana) are not included in this list.
- ISA (Israel Space Agency) does have launch vehicles (Shavit 2) but not powerful enough to reach further than Earth orbit.
- This list doesn't include the previous space agencies.
List of space agencies with human spaceflight capability
editThis small group of countries/space agencies have demonstrated the highest technological capacity with systems and solutions that support human spaceflight along with the ancillary technological capabilities to support human activity in orbit and/or on extraterrestrial bodies. The missions identified (and personnel when appropriate) are the first successful accomplishments of each activity.
| Country | Space agency | Demonstrated capability | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | Acronym | Founded | Crewed space launch | EVA | Rendezvous and docking | Space station | Crewed circumlunar flight | Crewed Moon landing | |
| China National Space Administration | CNSA | 22 Apr 1993 | (Shenzhou 5) |
(Shenzhou 7) |
(Shenzhou 8 to Tiangong-1) |
(Tiangong-1) |
|||
| Roscosmos State Corporation for Space Activities | Roscosmos Роскосмос |
25 Feb 1992 | (Soyuz TM-14) |
(Mir, Aleksandr Volkov and Sergei Krikalev) |
(Soyuz TM-14 to ISS) |
(Mir) |
|||
| Soviet space program | СССР Космическая программа |
1955 disbanded 25 Dec 1991 |
(Vostok 1) |
(Voskhod 2, Alexei Leonov) |
(Soyuz 4 to Soyuz 5) |
(Salyut 1) |
|||
| National Aeronautics and Space Administration[102] | NASA | 29 Jul 1958 | (Mercury-Redstone 3) |
(Gemini 4, Ed White) |
(Gemini 8 to GATV) |
(Skylab) |
(Apollo 8) |
(Apollo 11) | |
Emerging, proposed and future space agencies
edit| Country/Countries | Space agency | Expected date of formation | Current status | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | Acronym | |||
| Albanian Space Office | ASO | — | Proposed in 2020, at progress stage.[122] | |
| Armenian Space Agency | ArmCosmos | — | Proposed in 2013 with the goal to launch satellites. Negotiating with the International Telecommunication Union to clear the path for its prospective launch.[123] | |
| Bhutan Space Office | BSO | — | Proposed in 2016, at progress stage.[124] | |
| Botswana Aeronautics and Space Agency | BotswanaSpace | — | Proposed in 2020, at progress stage.[125] | |
| Cambodian Aeronautics and Space Office | CASO | — | Proposed in 2016, at progress stage.[126] | |
| Croatian Space Agency | CROSA | — | Proposed in 2020, currently operate as NGO Adriatic Aerospace Association (A3), at progress stage.[127][128] | |
| Djibouti National Space Office | — | — | Announced in 2022, at bill stage.[129] | |
| Guatemala Space Agency | — | — | Proposed in 2019, at progress stage.[130][131] | |
| Honduras Space Agency | AEH | — | Proposed in 2018, at progress stage.[132] | |
| TBD | TBD | — | Proposed in 2019, at progress stage.[133] | |
| Lao Aeronautics and Space Agency | LaoSpace | — | Proposed in 2015, at progress stage.[134] | |
| Latvia Space Office | LSO | — | Proposed in 2020, at progress stage.[135] | |
| Malta Space Office | MSO | — | Proposed in 2022, at progress stage.[136] | |
| Moldova National Space Office | — | — | Proposed in 2018, at progress stage.[137] | |
| Monaco Space Agency | — | — | Proposed in 2020, at progress stage.[138] | |
| Montenegrin National Bureau of Space | — | — | Announced in 2022, bill stage.[139] | |
| Myanmar Aeronautics and Space Agency | MyanmarSpace | — | Proposed in 2019, at progress stage.[140][141] | |
| Nepal Aeronautics and Space Office | NepalSpace | — | Proposed in 2018, at progress stage.[142] | |
| Nicaraguan Space Agency | AEN | — | Announced in 2021, bill stage.[143][144] | |
| Oman Space Agency | OSA | — | Proposed in 2020, at progress stage.[145][146] | |
| Panama Space Agency | AEP | — | Proposed in 2014, at progress stage.[147] | |
| Serbian Space Office | SerbSpace | — | Proposed in 2016, at progress stage.[148] | |
| Slovenian National Bureau of Space | — | — | Proposed in 2019, at progress stage.[149][150] | |
| Sri Lanka Aeronautics and Space Agency | SLASA | — | Proposed in 2009. Immediate goal was to construct and launch two satellites. Sri Lankan Telecommunications Regulatory Commission had signed an agreement with Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd to get the relevant help and resources.[151] | |
| Sudan Space Agency | — | — | Proposed in 2017, at progress stage.[152] | |
| Tanzanian National Space Agency | TNSA | — | Proposed in 2021, at progress stage.[153] | |
| Uruguayan Space Agency | AEU | 2022 | Announced in 2021, bill stage.[154] | |
Budgets
editThe annual budgets listed are the official budgets of national space agencies available in public domain. The budgets are not normalized to the expenses of space research in different countries, i.e. higher budget does not necessarily mean more activity or better performance in space exploration.[155][156] Budget could be used for different projects: e.g. GPS is maintained from the US defence budget,[157] whereas ESA's money is used for developing the European Galileo positioning system.[158] For European contributors to ESA, the national budgets shown include also their contributions to ESA.
Eight government space agencies, the United States (NASA), China (CNSA), France (CNES), Germany (DLR), India (ISRO), Italy (ASI), Japan (JAXA) and Russia (Roscosmos), have annual budgets of more than one billion US dollars.
See also
editNotes
editReferences
edit- ^ "ASAL (Agence Spatiale Algérienne)". sky-brokers.com. Retrieved 19 February 2023.
- ^ a b "Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales – Background". CONAE. Archived from the original on 21 May 2008. Retrieved 1 March 2008.
- ^ a b "Australian Space Agency". Retrieved 14 February 2023.
- ^ a b "Australia just launched a brand new space agency". The Independent. 25 September 2017.
- ^ Pearlman, Jonathan (6 October 2017). "Australia sets up space agency with eye on satellite tech". The Straits Times.
- ^ Besser, Bruno (January 2004). "Austria's History in Space" (PDF). pp. 25–28. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
- ^ "ESA – Human Spaceflight and Exploration – Other space agencies". 3 January 2007. Retrieved 9 March 2008.
- ^ "Decree of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan on the establishment of the public legal entity "Space Agency of the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azercosmos)"".
- ^ "বাংলাদেশ মহাকাশ গবেষণা ও দূর অনুধাবন".
- ^ "Aeronomy.be – Contact – Who are we?". Archived from the original on 25 February 2006. Retrieved 7 March 2008.
- ^ a b "Presidency of Brazil: Law 8.854 of 02/10/1994 – "That creates the Brazilian Space Agency, and other measures"". Retrieved 6 April 2008.
- ^ a b "S-30 family". Gunter's Space Page. Archived from the original on 20 March 2023.
- ^ Space research in Bulgaria is coordinated by the Inter-Department Commission for Space Research Archived 27 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine (Bulgarian: Междуведомствена комисия по космически изследвания) which is composed of the deputy ministers of several ministries and representatives of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
- ^ "Canadian Space Milestones". 4 December 2007. Retrieved 1 April 2009.
- ^ a b c "China National Space Administration – Organization and Function". Archived from the original on 28 February 2008. Retrieved 9 March 2008.
- ^ "Alvarado firma como Ley la creación de la Agencia Espacial Costarricense, pero anuncia reforma". Retrieved 15 August 2021.
- ^ "CCSDS".
- ^ Committee headquartered in France, within the International Council for Science (ICSU Archived 11 November 1998 at the Wayback Machine).
- ^ "COSPAR National Committee Members". Archived from the original on 27 October 2007. Retrieved 1 April 2009.
- ^ "International Scientific Union Members and their Representatives to COSPAR". Archived from the original on 6 May 2007. Retrieved 1 April 2009.
- ^ "Czech Space Office". Retrieved 17 February 2023.
- ^ "Czech Space Office". iafastro.org. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
- ^ "About DTU Space". Retrieved 17 February 2023.
- ^ Al-Youm, Al-Masry (18 January 2018). "Sisi passes law establishing Egyptian Space Agency". Egypt Independent. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
- ^ "List of satellites and space agencies in North Africa". SPACEHUBS AFRICA. 21 July 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
- ^ "NARSS official site". Retrieved 1 April 2009.
- ^ "El Salvador Aerospace Institute – ESAI". Retrieved 18 March 2020.
- ^ "ESAI".
- ^ "ETHIOPIAN SPACE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INSTITUTE". etssti. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
- ^ a b "ESA – About ESA – What is ESA?". ESA. Retrieved 1 March 2008.
- ^ a b "ESA – About ESA – History of the European Space Agency". ESA. Retrieved 1 March 2008.
- ^ "EUSPA".
- ^ a b "About CNES". Retrieved 1 April 2009.
- ^ "Relaunch - Erklärung". NAV_NODE DLR Portal.
- ^ "ABOUT US - Who We Are - The Ghana Space Science and Technology Institute (GSSTI)". gssti. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
- ^ "About Hellenic Space Center". hsc.gov.gr. Retrieved 19 February 2023.
- ^ a b c "About ISRO". isro.org. Archived from the original on 13 October 1999.
- ^ a b "About ISRO". isro.gov.in. Indian Space Research Organization. Archived from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
- ^ a b c "All Missions". isro.gov.in. Indian Space Research Organization. Archived from the original on 12 September 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
- ^ "LAPAN".
- ^ "ISA". Archived from the original on 30 September 2007.
- ^ "Realtime Business News, Economic News, Breaking News and Forex News". RTTNews.
- ^ "Iran launches homegrown satellite". BBC News. 3 February 2009.
- ^ ASI official site "ASI MISSIONS AND PROJECTS-ACTIVITY". Retrieved 21 June 2014.
- ^ ASI official site "ASI MISSIONS AND PROJECTS-CASSINI". December 2008. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
- ^ a b "JAXA HISTORY". Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 5 December 2006.
- ^ ライフサイエンス研究 (in Japanese). JAXA. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
- ^ "PM introduced new head of Kazakh National Space Agency". kazinform. 12 April 2007.
- ^ "About Us Kenya Space Agency". ksaspa. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
- ^ "KARI".
- ^ "Ratificaron la creación de la Agencia Latinoamericana y Caribeña del Espacio, que tendrá su sede en México" (in Spanish). Infobae. 16 March 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
- ^ "Association | Lithuanian Space Association". Space-lt.eu. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
- ^ "LSA". Archived from the original on 12 August 2020.
- ^ Luxembourg establishes space agency and new fund, SpaceNews, 13 September 2018. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
- ^ "Malaysian National Space Agency, Official Website – Background". Archived from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 7 March 2008.
- ^ Lanzamiento de primer nanosatélite en Hidalgo, "Nanoconect 1", muestra de la innovación del fondo. (in Spanish). AEM. Published 11 December 2017.
- ^ Krebs, Gunter D. "UNAMSAT A, B (Mexico-OSCAR 30, MO 30)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
- ^ "Mongolia: National Remots Sensing Center (NRSC)". Asia-Pacific Regional Space Agency Forum. Retrieved 19 February 2023.
- ^ "Royal Center for Remote Sensing". crts.gov.ma.
- ^ "SRON".
- ^ "NASRDA".
- ^ "Norwegian Space Centre annual report" (PDF). 2007. p. 16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2011. Retrieved 1 April 2009.
- ^ "SUPARCO".
- ^ Gaskill, Melissa (16 March 2021). "Paraguay's First Satellite Deployed From the International Space Station". NASA.gov. NASA. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
- ^ "PeruSat-1". directory.eoportal.org. eoPortal. Retrieved 1 June 2017.
- ^ Parrocha, Azer (13 August 2019). "Duterte signs law creating Philippine Space Agency". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
- ^ Sabillo, Kristine (14 August 2019). "Philippine Space Agency: Is a Filipino in space in the horizon?". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
- ^ "PH's Maya-2 launched into space: DOST". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
The (satellite) program (of the DOST) will now transition into the leadership of the newly established Philippine Space Agency, he added.
- ^ Lopez, Virgil (13 August 2019). "Duterte signs law creating PHL space agency". GMA News. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
- ^ "Duterte signs law creating PHL space agency". 13 August 2019.
- ^ "POLSA". Archived from the original on 9 May 2016.
- ^ "Portugal Space Agency". 2019. p. 1. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
- ^ "Portugal Just Launched a National Space Agency!". Space.com. 2019. p. 1. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
- ^ "Romanian Space Agency". Retrieved 18 February 2023.
- ^ "Rwanda Space Agency". Retrieved 7 June 2022.
- ^ "SSA". Archived from the original on 25 June 2021.
- ^ "CRISP".
- ^ "Home". SANSA. 14 October 2013. Archived from the original on 7 July 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
- ^ "El astronauta español de la ESA vuelve al espacio". www.esa.int.
- ^ Programas de Alta Tecnología de Nanosatélites Archived 1 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial
- ^ "El Arenosillo". sat-net.com.
- ^ "Rymdstryrelsen - Swedish National Space Agency". Retrieved 14 February 2023.
- ^ "SSO – Swiss Space Office". Archived from the original on 2 February 2005.
- ^ "Organisation Chart of the SERI". Archived from the original on 12 July 2018. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
- ^ Rupar, Terri (18 March 2014). "Syria has set up a space agency". The Washington Post. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
- ^ Ohlheiser, A. (18 March 2014). Syria Creates a Space Agency in the Middle of its Civil War. Retrieved from https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/03/syria-creates-space-agency-middle-its-civil-war/359308/
- ^ Sheldon, J. (13 December 2018). Syria Seeks To Build Satellite, Establish A Space Programme. Retrieved from https://spacewatch.global/2018/12/syria-seeks-to-build-satellite-establish-a-space-programme/
- ^ "Syria Aims for the Stars With New Space Mission". Al Bawaba. 17 December 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
- ^ Previously named National Space Program Organisation, until 1 April 2005 – "About NSPO/Heritage". Archived from the original on 10 August 2007. Retrieved 1 April 2009.
- ^ "Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency – About Us". Archived from the original on 18 October 2011. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
- ^ "CNCT".
- ^ "Turkey launches national space program". Hürriyet Daily News. 13 December 2018.
- ^ "Can Turkey's new space agency curb brain drain?". Ahval. 5 February 2019. Archived from the original on 12 February 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
- ^ "Turkey's first sounding rocket passed the Kármán Line". iletisim.gov.tr. 30 August 2020.
- ^ "Turkish firm to develop hybrid rocket tech for 2023 moon mission". Daily Sabah. 28 February 2021.
- ^ "TurkmenAlem52E/MonacoSAT launch a success!". Thales Alenia Space. 28 April 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
- ^ "State Space Agency of Ukraine". Retrieved 7 November 2022.
- ^ "About the Agency – UAE Space Agency". Retrieved 23 July 2016.
- ^ "UKSA". Archived from the original on 2 April 2010.
- ^ "COPUOS Membership Evolution". unoosa.org. Retrieved 14 February 2020.
- ^ "United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA)". Retrieved 7 March 2008.
- ^ a b c d "NASA History in Brief". NASA. Retrieved 9 March 2008.
- ^ "Uzbekistan planning to launch two satellites with Russian help". Red Orbit. 8 June 2004. Archived from the original on 10 February 2012. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
- ^ Magan, Veronica (23 August 2013). "Venezuela: Latin America's Next Space Pioneer?". Satellite Today. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
- ^ "Vietnam National Space Center – About VNSC". Retrieved 1 April 2009.
- ^ "Punta Indio Space Center". Argentina.gob.ar. 30 May 2018. Retrieved 19 February 2023.
- ^ "IIAE Orion". Archived from the original on 5 September 2009. Retrieved 20 June 2009.
- ^ Bird, D. A. H. (May 1960). "The Australian Sounding Rockets Long Tom and Aeolus". The Aeronautical Journal. 64 (593): 277–289. doi:10.1017/S0368393100072667. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
- ^ Brazil's Atlantic Spaceports SpaceToday. Retrieved 1 March 2011.
- ^ "ISA". Archived from the original on 30 September 2007.
- ^ "ISA".
- ^ ASI official missions history "ASI Missions History". Archived from the original on 15 October 2013.
- ^ Levs, Josh (13 December 2012). "N. Korea's launch causes worries about nukes, Iran and the Pacific". CNN.
- ^ "KARI".
- ^ "SUPARCO - Space & Upper Research Commission". Retrieved 5 October 2023.
- ^ "Rymdstryrelsen - Swedish National Space Agency". Retrieved 14 February 2023.
- ^ "ДКАУ".
- ^ "CNSA". Retrieved 15 February 2023.
- ^ "ESA". Retrieved 15 February 2023.
- ^ "ISRO". Retrieved 15 February 2023.
- ^ "JAXA". Retrieved 15 February 2023.
- ^ Ozturk, Talha (20 October 2021). "Albania to launch 2 satellites into space in 2022". Anadolu Agency. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
- ^ "Armenia & Azerbaijan: A Caucasus Space Race is On!". Retrieved 17 October 2019.
- ^ "Bhutan to Create Own Space Agency and Launch CubeSat in 2018". SpaceWatch Global. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
- ^ "Botswana Launches National Space Program". Space in Africa. 23 December 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
- ^ Henry, Caleb (12 January 2018). "Cambodia to buy Chinese satellite as relations tighten on Belt and Road Initiative". SpaceNews. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
- ^ "Adriatic Aerospace Association" (in Croatian). Adriatic Aerospace Association. 21 June 2017. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
- ^ Adamowski, Jarosław (30 April 2018). "Croatian space industry players eye European, U.S. export prospects". SpaceNews. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
- ^ Iderawumi, Mustapha (18 June 2021). "Djibouti is Launching its Space Program with Two Satellites". Space in Africa. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
- ^ "Guatemala Launches Quetzmal CubeSat Through UNOOSA and JAXA KiboCUBE Programme". SpaceWatch Global. Retrieved 19 December 2021.
- ^ "El primer satélite guatemalteco saldrá al espacio en marzo" (in Spanish). Agencia EFE. 5 November 2019. Archived from the original on 22 June 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
- ^ "Morazán, primer satélite diseñado en Honduras que llegará al espacio en 2022" (in Spanish). LaPrensa (Honduras). 28 September 2021. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
- ^ Mina Aldroubi; Sinan Mahmoud (23 September 2021). "Iraq unveils plan to build and launch satellite". The National News. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
- ^ de Selding, Peter B. (30 November 2015). "Laos, with China's Aid, Enters Crowded Satellite Telecom Field". SpaceNews. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
- ^ "The Space Strategy of Latvia 2021-2027" (PDF). Ministry of Economics Republic of Latvia. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
- ^ "Malta launches first ever National Space Strategy". The Malta Independent. 21 January 2022. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
- ^ "First Moldovan satellite gets deployed from ISS". SpaceWatch Global. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
- ^ Passamonti, Massimo (18 October 2021). "Small states in outer space: Monaco's ambitions for the NewSpace age". SpaceNews. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
- ^ "Montenegro will have its own satellite in space, Dritan Abazovic announces". Oculus News. 26 January 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
- ^ "Myanmar Mulling Space Agency; Earth Observation Small Satellite with Japanese Assistance". SpaceWatch Global. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
- ^ Kelly, Tim (12 March 2021). "Exclusive: Myanmar's first satellite held by Japan on space station after coup". Reuters. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
- ^ Paudel, Nayak (18 April 2019). "Nepal's first ever satellite launched into space". Nepali Times. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
- ^ "Nicaragua Creates Ministry of Extraterrestrial Space Affairs". Associated Press. 19 February 2021. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
- ^ "Ortega pide oficina para asuntos del espacio ultraterrestre" (in Spanish). DW Español. 31 January 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
- ^ "First Omani satellite in space in 2022". Muscat Daily. 30 October 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
- ^ Wesołowska, Ewa (8 February 2022). "Polska firma na zamówienie Omanu, zbuduje satelitę. Poleci na Księżyc, Marsa lub Wenus" (in Polish). Polska Agencja Prasowa. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
- ^ "Panamá tiene potencial para tener una agencia espacial" (in Spanish). La Estrella de Panamá. 20 August 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2021.
- ^ "Serbia and China sign Space Technology Cooperation Agreement". SpaceWatch Global. Retrieved 15 April 2021.
- ^ Kraševec, Ana (3 September 2020). "Launching the first two Slovenian satellites". Slovenia.si. Retrieved 25 July 2021.
- ^ "Third Slovenian satellite launched in space". The Slovenia Times. 13 July 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
- ^ "SSTL Contracted to Establish Sri Lanka Space Agency". Via Satellite. 18 November 2009.
- ^ "Sudan's First Satellite SRSS-1 Launched By China". SpaceWatch Global. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
- ^ Nelly Mtema; Bernard Lugongo (7 November 2022). "Tanzania plans to develop its own satellite, MPs heard". Daily News TZ. Retrieved 5 April 2023.
- ^ "La Fuerza Aérea prepara proyecto de ley para crear una agencia espacial" (in Spanish). BUSQUEDA. 30 June 2021. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
- ^ "Global Space Revenues and Budgets". The Space Report. 2009. Archived from the original on 28 November 2009. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
- ^ "The Space Report 2011 | Resources". Thespacereport.org. Archived from the original on 12 July 2011. Retrieved 13 June 2011.
- ^ "Fiscal Year 2022 GPS Program Funding". GPS.gov. 29 March 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
- ^ Brewin, Bob (21 November 2001). "European Space Agency backing Galileo GPS system". Computerworld. Retrieved 22 February 2023.
- ^ "[1]", NASA.
- ^ "NASA's FY 2025 Budget". The Planetary Society. Retrieved 19 November 2024.
- ^ Couronne, Ivan (6 January 2019). "In space, the US sees a rival in China". phys.org. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
- ^ a b "ESA Budget for 2019". European Space Agency. 14 January 2019.
- ^ "ESA budget 2024".
- ^ Un budget exceptionnel, Activité institutionnelle du CNES, 24 April 2015, retrieved 10 May 2021
- ^ "Transition of Number of Staff and Budget". JAXA. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
- ^ ""Роскосмосу" разрешили не возвращать в бюджет часть доходов". rbc.ru. 2 October 2020. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
- ^ "Budget 2022: Space gets Rs 13,700 crore as India pushes Gaganyaan, missions to Sun, Venus". India Today. 1 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
- ^ "Rupee slips 17 paise to close at 74.82 against US dollar". The Economic Times. 1 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
- ^ "ASI Budget Forecast for the 2024-2026 three-year period". ASI. Archived from the original on 5 September 2019. Retrieved 17 May 2024.
- ^ "Facts and figures". DLR. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
- ^ Infoespacial.com, Revista Defensa (2 February 2022). "La Agencia Espacial Española empezará a funcionar con 75 trabajadores y 700 millones". Infoespacial.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 March 2013.
- ^ "기관별 경영공시 한국항공우주연구원". alio.go.kr. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
- ^ UK Space Agency Annual Report and Accounts 2016 to 2017 (PDF), retrieved 22 November 2017
- ^ "Budgetary details by allotment". 2019. Archived from the original on 26 December 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
- ^ "Algerian Space Agency". 2015. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
- ^ "Belgium Gets own Space Agency". 6 December 2016. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
- ^ "زیر و بم لایحه بودجه سال 99 کل کشور در بخش هوا و فضا". مرکز پژوهش ها. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
- ^ "Programmes and Participations". Spaceoffice.nl. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
- ^ "European Commission: CORDIS : ERAWATCH". Europa (web portal). Retrieved 21 October 2013.
- ^ "2019 Budget Space Agency of Ukraine". Retrieved 1 January 2023.
- ^ "More about the NSC". Norsk Romsenter. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
- ^ "2023 Yılı Merkezi Yönetim Bütçe Kanunu Teklifi" (PDF). Presidency of the Republic of Turkey Presidency of Strategy and Budget (in Turkish). 24 October 2022. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
- ^ "Beteiligung Österreichs an Programmen der ESA" (in German). ffg.at. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
- ^ "RELATÓRIO DE GESTÃO DO EXERCÍCIO DE 2018" [2018 FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT REPORT] (PDF) (in Portuguese). Retrieved 21 June 2019.
- ^ "The National Space Programme 2019-2021: 54 Projects Supporting The Development of The Polish Space Sector Within 3 Years". Archived from the original on 12 September 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
- ^ "Política presupuestaria de la entidad" [Budget policy of the entity] (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 September 2020. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
- ^ "RUU APBN 2019" (PDF) (in Indonesian). Ministry of Finance. 2019. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
- ^ "DIPA LAPAN 2019" (PDF) (in Indonesian). PPID LAPAN. 2019. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
- ^ "135% increase in funds for space program likely". Daily Times. 4 June 2009. Archived from the original on 15 August 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
- ^ Ali, Kalbe (29 April 2018). "Rs4.7bn allotted for Suparco projects". DAWN.COM.
- ^ Cervantes, Filane Mikee (20 May 2019). "Senate approves creation of PH Space Agency". Philippine News Agency.
- ^ "How much does Nigeria spend on space science and technology?". Space in Africa. 4 February 2019. Retrieved 28 March 2019.
- ^ Corinne Reichert (8 May 2018). "Budget 2018 Government confirms AU41m Space Agency". ZDNet.
- ^ ":: Budget 2018 – New opportunities and jobs for Australian industry". minister.industry.gov.au. Archived from the original on 21 June 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2019.
- ^ "Space program budget (In Hebrew)". Retrieved 7 May 2020.
- ^ "Address by the Minister of Science and Technology, Naledi Pandor MP, on the occasion of the Science and Technology budget vote". Department of Science and Technology. 22 July 2014. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
- ^ "Federal Spending Budget 2021". Retrieved 8 December 2021.