Lunacy Act 1845

Prior to the Lunacy Act, lunacy legislation in England was enshrined in the County Asylums Act 1808, which established institutions for poor and for criminally insane, mentally ill people. The institutions were called asylums and they gave refuge where mental illness could receive proper treatment. The first asylum owing to the County Asylums Act opened at Northampton in 1811. By 1827 however only nine county asylums had opened and many patients were still in gaol as prisoners and criminals. As a consequence of this slow progress the Lunacy Act 1845 created the Lunacy Commission to focus on lunacy legislation.^[1] The Act was championed by Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury.

Shaftesbury was the head of the commission from its founding in 1845 until his death in 1885.^[2] The Lunacy Commission was made up of eleven Metropolitan Commissioners. The commission was monumental as it was not only a full-time commission, but it was also salaried for six of its members. The six members of the commission that were full-time and salaried were made up of three members of the legal system and three members of the medical community. The other five members of the commission were all honorary members that simply had to attend board meetings. The duty of the Commission was to establish and carry out the provisions of the Act.^[3]

The Act established the Commissioners in Lunacy to inspect plans for asylums on behalf of the Home Secretary (s.3). The Act required asylums, other than Bethlem Hospital, to be registered with the commission, to have written regulations and to have a resident physician (s.42). Under the Act, patients lost their right of access to the courts to challenge their detention. Detention could only be reviewed by the commissioners or county visitors.

The commission had many roles in carrying out the act. It established a network of public county institutions. It monitored the conditions in the asylums and the treatment of the patients. It made a point of reaching out to patients in workhouses and prisons and getting them to the proper institutions where they could be treated. It also focused on "single lunatics" who were not connected with any prisons or workhouse but needed psychiatric care. It monitored the treatment and mental condition of patients whom the commission could not remove from prisons and workhouses.^[4]

County Asylums Act 1845

Act of Parliament
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Long title	An Act to amend the Laws for the Provision and Regulation of Lunatic Asylums for Counties and Boroughs, and for the Maintenance and Care of Pauper Lunatics, in England.
Citation	8 & 9 Vict. c. 126
Dates
Royal assent	8 August 1845

The Lunacy Act 1845 was passed through Parliament simultaneously with the County Asylums Act 1845. The two acts were dependent on each other. The Lunacy Act established the Lunacy Commission and the County Asylums Act set forth most of the provisions as to what was to be monitored within the asylums and helped establish the public network of the county asylums. Like the Lunacy Act, there had been several drafts of this act passed before 1845 and several afterward as well. The most notable of these were the County Asylums Act 1808 and the Lunatic Asylums Act 1853 (16 & 17 Vict. c. 97). The Lunacy Act itself was amended several times after its conception, including by the Lunatic Asylums, etc. Act 1846 and the Lunatic Asylums Act 1847. Both of these versions were repealed by the County Asylums Act 1853.^[4]

The importance of these two acts together is that they consolidated lunacy law in England. However, no legislation has ever combined the entirety of lunacy law. Both of these acts were the basis for lunacy law in England until 1890 when both of them were repealed by the Lunacy Act 1890.^[5]

When the Lunacy Act was passed in 1845, there were many questions raised about what to do with children in poor mental health. Insane children were more common than is commonly appreciated. The confusion arose because the Act gave no age limits on patients in the asylums.^[6]

Some of the inspections conducted by the Lunacy Commission involved inspecting workhouses where the commission would often find mentally unhealthy children and press for them to be removed. However, many of the asylums were hesitant to admit children. Because of this, some children were admitted under the guise that they were in urgent need of help and constituted a serious danger to themselves and others.^[7]

• County Asylums Act 1808
• County Asylums Act 1828
• List of asylums commissioned in England and Wales

• Web pages by Andrew Roberts at Middlesex University:
  • Table of Statutes on Mental Health
  • The Lunacy Commission