 | This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Hmong on Wikipedia. It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Hmong in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing consensus on the talk page first. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. |
The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Hmong language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. The dialect used in this chart is both White Hmong and Green Hmong. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
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Notes
edit^* No equivalent to English ^* ⟨k⟩ is only represented in RPA and not in Pahawh Hmong. For example, to write keeb in RPA, you have to follow the order Consonant + Vowel + Tone (CVT), so it is K + ee + b = Keeb, but in Pahawh Hmong, it is just Keeb "𖬀𖬶" (2nd-Stage Version).
References
edit- Bruhn, Daniel (6 December 2006). "The Phonetic Inventory of Mong Leng" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 March 2010.
- Bruhn, Daniel. "Toward a Reconstruction of Proto-Far-Western-Hmongic" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 June 2010.
- "Common characteristics from multiple languages" (PDF). Anchorage School District. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 March 2022.
- Everson, Michael (20 January 2012). "Final proposal to encode the Pahawh Hmong script in the UCS" (PDF). Unicode Consortium.
- Garellek, Marc; Keating, Patricia; Esposito, Christina M.; Kreiman, Jody (2013). "Voice quality and tone identification in White Hmong". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 133 (2): 1078–1089. Bibcode:2013ASAJ..133.1078G. doi:10.1121/1.4773259. PMC 3574099. PMID 23363123.
- "Hmong Notes" (PDF). UCLA Phonetics Lab Data. 17 September 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
- "Hmong Speech and Language Development". Bilinguistics. Archived from the original on 21 December 2023.
- Hsiu, Andrew (2015). The classification of Na Meo, a Hmong-Mien language of Vietnam. SEALS 25. Chaing Mai, Thailand. doi:10.5281/zenodo.1127804.
- Jaisser, Annie (Fall 1987). "Hmong Classifiers" (PDF). Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 10 (2). doi:10.32655/LTBA.10.2.14. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 January 2021.
- Jaisser, Annie; Ratliff, Martha; Riddle, Elizabeth; Strecker, David; Vang, Lopao; Vang, Lyfu (1995). Hmong For Beginners Part I. Centers for South and Souteast Asia Studies, University of California at Berkeley. ISBN 0-944613-24-1.
- Ly, Chô (2020). "An Explanation of the Logic of Hmong RPA" (PDF). Hmong Studies Journal. 21: 1–15.
- Tapp, Nicholas. "Qha Ke (Guiding the Way) From the Hmong Ntsu of China, 1943". Hmong Studies Journal. 9.
- Thao, Kia (April 2012). Phonetics of the Hmong White Language. Celebration of Excellence in Research and Creative Activity. University of Wisconisn, Eau Claire.
- "Pahauh Institue: Yub & Las Qauv nkaws - Lawj 2 (Vowels & Consonants - 2nd-stage version)". Hmong Language Institute of Minnesota.