Head shop

American head shops originated in the 1960s in cities with high concentrations of college-age youth, often growing out of independently owned poster or candle stores. Historically, U.S. head shops proliferated on St. Mark's Place in New York City's East Village, in West Los Angeles, in San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury neighborhood, and in Chicago's Old Town. Sources cite the Psychedelic Shop on Haight Street in San Francisco as the first head shop in the United States.^[3][4][5] Operated by United States Army veteran Ron Thelin and his younger brother Jay, it opened on January 3, 1966. Four months later Jeff Glick opened "Head Shop" on East Ninth Street in New York City.^[6] Also in 1966, The Birmingham Balloon Company opened at 113 Fry Street in Denton, Texas.^{[citation needed]}

From 1968 to c. 1975, head shops served as an important outlet for underground newspapers and the underground comix of Robert Crumb and other counterculture cartoonists, which had little access to the established channels of newsstand distribution.^[7]

The shops' popularity eventually waned with the aging of that era's baby boomer generation, as well as a 1973 U.S. Supreme Court ruling, Miller v. California, that found that local communities could decide their own First Amendment standards concerning obscenity. In the mid-1970s, the sale of drug paraphernalia was outlawed in many places, and the distribution network for underground comics and newspapers dried up.^[8] In addition, the retail mainstream discovered and co-opted aspects of the head shop's market niche, such as acid rock and eco-friendly products.

Head shops exist and are legal in Ireland, and were reported by authorities to be opening at a rate of one per week in January 2010.^[9] The legality of the shops was discussed in the Seanad Éireann, and a motion was passed requesting the Government to regulate the sale of products.^[9] Some politicians were in favour of outlawing the shops whereas others argued that prohibiting the purchases of legal intoxicants would be a "huge mistake" which would allow illegal street dealers to thrive.^[10]

During early 2010, a number of incidents of firebombing and arson against head shops took place around the country.^[11][12] Some attacks were traced to disgruntled drug dealers.^[13][14] One petrol bomb attack occurred in the home county of the then Minister for Justice, Dermot Ahern, and hours later, plans for legislation for regulation of head shops got underway.^[15]

Many head shop products became illegal in Ireland on 23 August 2010^[16] when the new Criminal Justice (Psychoactive Substances) Act 2010 became law.^[17] The Act empowered Gardaí (Irish police) to seek court orders to close head shops suspected of selling drug-like products, with the onus on the owners to prove they are not doing so.

In the United States, head shops are legal so long as they only sell items used for legal substances. Shops typically place signs stating that the products sold are "for tobacco use only" or "not for use with illegal substances".^[18] In many head shops, a sign will be posted (and often reiterated verbally) stating that customer references regarding the use of the shop's products for illegal drug use will result in the suspension of all sales for that time period, and/or removal of the customer from the shop. In some shops, simply saying the word "bong" is grounds for removal from the shop.^[2]

Head shops have been targeted by the Drug Enforcement Administration. In 2003, The U.S. Department of Justice indicted fifty-five people on charges of selling drug paraphernalia in Idaho, Texas, Iowa, Pennsylvania, Florida and Ohio as part of Operation Headhunter and Operation Pipe Dreams, including comedian Tommy Chong.^[19] During the investigation, government officials also targeted customers of the shops, arresting those who were in possession of drugs like cannabis and heroin.^[20] Chong was caught by sending shipments through the mail.^[21] Today, online head shops have also become prevalent; there are hundreds of head shops willing to sell their products online.^{[citation needed]}

The legality of cannabis varies widely in the United States, but in states where medical cannabis is legal, cannabis dispensaries often double as head shops.^[22]

Notably, in the state of Florida, items "designed for use in ingesting, inhaling, or otherwise introducing cannabis, cocaine, hashish, hashish oil, or nitrous oxide into the human body" are illegal. At the same time, "pipes primarily made of briar, meerschaum, clay, or corn cob" are legal.^[23][24]

Smart shops are shops (prominently found in the Netherlands, where the sale of marijuana is effectively legal) that sell psychoactive substances and various smokable herbs in addition to the drug paraphernalia found in head shops.^{[citation needed]}

• Alternative culture
• Cannabis smoking
• Grow shop
• One hitter (smoking)
• Underground comix
• Underground press
• Gravity bong
• Tobacconist
• Cannabis shop

• Joshua Clark Davis, From Head Shops to Whole Foods: The Rise and Fall of Activist Entrepreneurs (New York: Columbia University Press, 2017)