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Hundred Regiments Offensive

For the film, see Hundred Regiments Offensive (film).

The Hundred Regiments Offensive or the Hundred Regiments Campaign (Chinese: 百團大戰) (20 August – 5 December 1940)[11] was a major campaign of the Chinese Communist Party's National Revolutionary Army divisions. It was commanded by Peng Dehuai against the Imperial Japanese Army in Central China. The battle had long been the focus of propaganda in the history of Chinese Communist Party but had become Peng Dehuai's "crime" during the Cultural Revolution. Certain issues regarding its launching and consequences are still controversial.

Hundred Regiments Offensive
Part of the Second Sino-Japanese War

Victorious Chinese Communist soldiers holding the flag of the Republic of China.
Date (1940-08-20) (1940-12-05)August 20 – December 5, 1940
(3 months, 2 weeks and 1 day)
Location
North China
37°27′00″N 116°18′00″E / 37.4500°N 116.3000°E / 37.4500; 116.3000
Result Chinese victory[1]
Belligerents

 Republic of China

 Empire of Japan

Commanders and leaders
Peng Dehuai
Zhu De
Zuo Quan
Liu Bocheng
He Long
Nie Rongzhen
Deng Xiaoping		 Hayao Tada
Units involved
8th Route Army North China Area Army
Collaborationist Chinese Army
Strength
200,000[2] Empire of Japan 270,000 Japanese troops[3][4]
150,000 Chinese collaborators[3]
Casualties and losses
22,000[4]–100,000 (counting desertions)[5]
Chinese figure (8th Route Army only): 17,000 casualties and more than 20,000 poisoned[2]

Several record from different sources:
CCP records:
1. 12,645 killed and wounded, 281 POW.
2. 20,645 Japanese and 5,155 Chinese collaborators killed and wounded, 281 Japanese and 18,407 Chinese collaborators captured[6][7]
Japanese military record:
1. No figure about total casualties, 276 KIAs from 4th Independent Mixed Brigade.[8] 133 KIA and 31 MIA from 2nd Independent Mixed Brigade.[9]
Western sources:
1. 20,900 Japanese casualties and about 20,000 collaborator casualties[4]

Peng's estimate:
1. 30,000 Japanese and collaborators[10]

Background

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In 1939–1940, the Japanese launched more than 109 small campaigns involving around 1,000 combatants each and 10 large campaigns of 10,000 men each to wipe out Communist guerrillas in the Hebei and Shandong plains. In addition, the army of Wang Jingwei's collaborationist Reorganized National Government had its offensive against the Communist guerrillas.

There was also a general sentiment among the anti-Japanese resistance forces, particularly in the Kuomintang, that the Communists were contributing too little to the war effort and that they were interested only in expanding their power base. It was out of these circumstances that the Communists planned to stage a great offensive to prove that they were contributing to the war effort and to mend relations.

Battle

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Further information: Order of Battle: Hundred Regiments Offensive

The Japanese North China Area Army estimated the strength of communist regulars to be about 88,000 in December 1939. Two years later, they revised the estimate to 140,000. On the eve of the battle, the Communist forces grew to 200,000 to 400,000 men strong, in 105 regiments. The extraordinary success and expansion of the 8th Route Army against the Japanese had Zhu De and the rest of the military leadership hoping that they could engage the Japanese Army and win.

By 1940, growth was so impressive that Zhu De ordered a coordinated offensive by most of the communist regulars (46 regiments from the 115th Division, 47 from the 129th, and 22 from the 120th) against the Japanese-held cities and the railway lines linking them. According to the Communist Party's official statement, the battle started on 20 August. From 20 August to 10 September, communist forces attacked the railway line that separated the communist base areas, chiefly those from Dezhou to Shijiazhuang in Hebei, Shijiazhuang to Taiyuan in central Shanxi, and Taiyuan to Datong in northern Shanxi. Originally Peng's order of battle consisted of 20 regiments and on 22 August he found more than 80 regiments took part, mostly without telling him.[12]

They succeeded in blowing up bridges and tunnels and ripping up track, and went on for the rest of September to attack Japanese garrisons frontally. About 600 mi (970 km) of railways were destroyed, and the Jingxing coal mine, which was important to the Japanese war industry, was rendered inoperative for six months.

However, from October to December, the Japanese responded in force, reasserting control of railway lines and conducting aggressive "mopping up operations" in the rural areas around them. On 22 December, Mao Zedong told Peng, "Don't declare the end of the offensive yet. Chiang Kai-shek is launching anti-communist climax and we need the influence of Hundred Regiment Battle to win propaganda."[13]

Results

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The Eighth Army had left two reports, both of which based on statistics before December 5. One claimed the killing or injuring 12,645 Japanese and 5,153 puppet troops; the capturing of 281 Japanese and 1,407 puppet troops; the defection of 7 Japanese and 1,845 puppet troops; 293 strong-points taken. The other one claimed the killing or injuring of 20,645 Japanese and 5,155 puppet troops; the capturing of 281 Japanese and 18,407 puppet troops; the defection of 47 Japanese and 1,845 puppet troops defected; 2,993 strongpoints taken.[14] Both records were based on the same figure but separated to two different records for unknown reasons.[14] That amounted to 21,338 and 46,000 combat successes, respectively. In 2010, a Chinese article by Pan Zeqin said that the combat success result should be more than 50,000.[15][16] There are no figures concerning total casualties in Japanese military records but 276 KIAs were recorded for the 4th Independent Mixed Brigade and[8] 133 KIAs and 31 MIAs for the 2nd Independent Mixed Brigade.[17] A western source recorded 20,900 Japanese casualties and about 20,000 collaborator casualties.[4]

The Chinese also recorded 474 km of railway and 1502 km of road sabotaged, 213 bridges and 11 tunnels blown up, and 37 stations destroyed, but Japanese records give 73 bridges, 3 tunnels, and 5 water towers blown up; 20 stations burned, and 117 incidents of railway sabotage (amounting to 44 km). The damage done to communication systems consisted of 1,333 cable posts cut down and 1,107 turned over, with up to 146 km of cable cut. One mining site of Jingxing Coal Mine also stopped operating for half a year.[18]

Controversies

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Peng and Mao had disagreed over how directly to confront the Japanese since at least the Luochuan Conference in August 1937, with Mao concerned about Communist losses to the well-equipped Japanese. After the establishment of the People's Republic, Mao is alleged to have said to Lin Biao that "allowing Japan to occupy more territory is the only way to love your country. Otherwise, it would have become a country that loved Chiang Kai-shek."[19] Thus, the Hundred Regiments Offensive became the last of the two major Communist frontal engagements against the Japanese during the war. There had been controversy that Peng had no authorization from or even knowledge of the Central Military Committee and Mao Zedong. As early as 1945 the accusation of launching battles without telling Mao had appeared in the North China Conference.[20] During the Great Leap Forward, Peng's opposition to Mao's policies led to his downfall and then the launching of the battle became yet again a criminal action in the Cultural Revolution. In 1967, the Red Guard group of Tsinghua University, with the support of the Central Cultural Revolution Committee, issued a leaflet saying, "The rogue Peng, along with Zhu De, launched the offensive to defend Chongqing and Xi'an... He rejected Chairman Mao's instruction and mobilized 105 regiments in an adventuristic impulse ... Chairman Mao said, 'How can Peng Dehuai make such a big move without consulting me? Our forces are completely revealed. The result will be terrible.'"[21]

Peng admitted in his autobiography that he had ordered the launch in late July without awaiting the green light from the Central Military Committee and that he regretted it. However, Pan Zeqin said that it was Peng's incorrect memory; the correct start date should have officially been on August 20 and so Peng actually had the green light.[22] Nie Rongzhen defended Peng by stating "there is a legend that the Central Military Committee was not informed about the offensive in advance. After investigation, we found out that Eighth Army HQ sent a report to the top. The report mentioned we would strike at and sabotage Zhentai Railway. Sabotaging one railway or another is very common in guerilla warfare so it's our routine work. This is not some strategic issue and the Committee won't say no." He mentioned no exact date of launch.[23] The consensus in China after the Cultural Revolution is generally in support of the battle. However, a modern Chinese article stated, "Liu Bocheng had another opinion on Peng's arbitrary launching of the battle."[24]

It was a successful campaign, but Mao later attributed it as the main provocation for the devastating Japanese Three Alls Policy later and used it to criticize Peng at the Lushan Conference. By doing so, Mao successfully deflected criticism for launching the economically-disastrous Great Leap Forward the previous year.

References

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  1. ^ Dillon, Michael (2014-10-27). Deng Xiaoping: The Man who Made Modern China. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-85772-467-0.
  2. ^ a b "说不尽的百团大战 (2)--中国共产党新闻--中国共产党新闻-人民网". Archived from the original on 2014-11-29. Retrieved 2014-02-05.
  3. ^ a b 中国抗日战争史(中) (in Chinese). 中国人民解放军军事科学院军事历史研究部. 1993.
  4. ^ a b c d Chinese-Soviet Relations, 1937–1945; Garver, John W.; p. 120.
  5. ^ Tower of Skulls: A History of the Asia-Pacific War, Vol 1: July 1937-May 1942'; Frank, Richard B.; p. 161.
  6. ^ These two records were both based on the same figure but separate to two different records for unknown reason
  7. ^ 王人广《关于百团大战战绩统计的依据问题》(Wang Renguang <Issue of the basis of result statistics of Hundred Regiments Offensive >),《抗日战争研究 (The Journal of Studies of China's Resistance War Against Japan ISSN 1002-9575)》1993 issue 3, p. 243
  8. ^ a b Senshi Sosho 支那事変陸軍作戦Shina Jihen Rikugun Sakusen<3>(Volume 88) Asagumo Shinbun-sha, July 1975 ASIN: B000J9D6AS, p. 256
  9. ^ 『北支の治安戦(1)』ASIN: B000J9E2P6, p. 316
  10. ^ 彭德怀自述 (The Autobiography of Peng Dehuai) People's Press 1981 ASIN: B00B1TF388 p. 240
  11. ^ Peasant Nationalism and Communist Power: The Emergence of Revolutionary China 1937–1945; Johnson, Chalmers A.; p. 57.
  12. ^ "百团大战内幕：80多个团参战"没打招呼"_历史_凤凰网". news.ifeng.com.
  13. ^ "百团大战内幕：80多个团参战"没打招呼"_历史_凤凰网". news.ifeng.com.
  14. ^ a b 王人广《关于百团大战战绩统计的依据问题》(Wang Renguang<Issue of the basis of result statistics of Hundred Regiments Offensive >),《抗日战争研究》1993年第3期, p. 243
  15. ^ 《说不尽的百团大战》 Archived 2014-11-29 at the Wayback Machine (2) 中国共产党新闻>>资料查询>>档案·记忆>>史海回眸2007年06月04日08:43
  16. ^ 《中国人民解放军全史》军事历史研究部 编，军事科学出版社，2000年，ISBN 7-80137-315-4，卷"中国人民解放军战役战斗总览"
  17. ^ 『北支の治安戦（1）』ASIN: B000J9E2P6, p. 316
  18. ^ 森松（1982）、136頁。
  19. ^ Andrew Bingham Kennedy, Can the Weak Defeat the Strong? Mao's Evolving Approach to Asymmetric Warfare in Yan'an The China Quarterly Volume 196 (December 2008), pp. 892-893.
  20. ^ "毛泽东评彭德怀反省百团大战等问题：认错勉强_历史频道_凤凰网". news.ifeng.com.
  21. ^ Original words:：1940 年 8 月——12 月，彭贼伙同朱德等发动了'百团大战'，公然提出要'保卫大后方保卫重庆保卫西安'......拒不执行毛主席提出的我军'基本的是游击战，但不放弃有利条件下的运动战'的方针，大搞冒险主义、拼命主义，先后调动了一百零五个团，共四十万兵力......全线出击，打攻坚战、消耗战。百团大战，过早暴露了我军力量......毛主席早在百团大战进行时就严厉地批评了彭德怀等的错误做法，毛主席说：'彭德怀干这么大事情也不跟我商量，我们的力量大暴露了，后果将是很坏。'---浙江省革命造反联合总指挥部：《毛主席革命路线胜利万岁--党内两条路线斗争大事记（1921-1968）》(Zhejiang Province Revolutionary Uprising Combined Headquarters:Long live the victory of Chairman Mao's revolution route-Chronicles of the conflict of two routes within Party 1921–1968) 1969 May, p. 79
  22. ^ The original texts are 实际上，百团大战发起日期是8月20日，比原定日期8月10日左右（《战役预备命令》中规定的）推迟了10天，而并非是提前了10天，这当是彭德怀记忆之误。此点说明百团大战不是彭德怀背着中共中央军委擅自发动的。
  23. ^ Original words:有种传说，说这个战役事先没有向中央军委报告。经过查对，在进行这次战役之前，八路军总部向中央报告过一个作战计划，那个报告上讲，要两面破袭正太路。破袭正太路，或者破袭平汉路，这是游击战争中经常搞的事情，可以说，这是我们的一种日常工作，不涉及什么战略问题。这样的作战计划，军委是不会反对的
  24. ^ "老帅中为何刘伯承最先被打倒：与彭德怀早有很深误会(2)--文史--人民网". history.people.com.cn. 2011-12-16. Archived from the original on 2012-03-15.

Sources

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  • The Battle of One Hundred Regiments, from Kataoka, Tetsuya; Resistance and Revolution in China: The Communists and the Second United Front. Berkeley: University of California Press, [1974].
  • 森松俊夫 「中国戦線 百団大戦の敗北と勝利」(Morimatsu Toshio: Chinese Front: The Defeat and Victory of Hundred Regiment Offensive)『増刊 歴史と人物 137号 秘録・太平洋戦争』 中央公論社、1982年。
  • van Slyke, Lyman (October 1996). "The Battle of the Hundred Regiments". Modern Asian Studies. 30 (4): 979–1005. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00016863. S2CID 145553713.
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