Hugoton /hjuːɡətən/ is a city in and the county seat of Stevens County, Kansas, United States.[1] As of the 2020 census, the population of the city was 3,747.[3]
Hugoton, Kansas | |
|---|---|
City and County seat | |
 Stevens County Courthouse (2009) | |
| Nickname: Natural Gas Capital | |
 Location within Stevens County and Kansas | |
 | |
| Coordinates: 37°10′28″N 101°20′41″W / 37.17444°N 101.34472°W[1] | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Kansas |
| County | Stevens |
| Founded | 1885 |
| Incorporated | 1910 |
| Named for | Victor Hugo |
| Government | |
| • Type | Mayor–Council |
| • Mayor | Jack Rowden |
| Area | |
• Total | 2.08 sq mi (5.39 km2) |
| • Land | 2.08 sq mi (5.39 km2) |
| • Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 3,107 ft (947 m) |
| Population | |
• Total | 3,747 |
| • Density | 1,800/sq mi (700/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (CST) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 67951 |
| Area code | 620 |
| FIPS code | 20-33425 |
| GNIS ID | 2394441[1] |
| Website | cityofhugoton.com |
History
editSettlers from McPherson, Kansas established a settlement in what was then west-central Seward County, Kansas in 1885.[4][5] They originally named this settlement Hugo in honor of French writer Victor Hugo, but then changed its name to Hugoton to distinguish it from Hugo, Colorado.[6][7] Hugoton's first church, Hugoton United Methodist, was also the first in Stevens County and was founded in 1886; it is still active as of 2019.[8] The first post office in Hugoton was established in April 1886.[9]
In 1886, the Kansas Legislature reestablished the surrounding area as Stevens County, and Gov. John Martin designated Hugoton as the interim county seat. This set off a violent county seat war with nearby Woodsdale. Hugoton became the permanent county seat in 1887, but the conflict continued, culminating in the Hay Meadow Massacre of 1888.[5] Woodsdale founder and attorney Samuel Newitt Wood, heavily invested in the conflict for the county seat, was assassinated by James Brennen, one of the men involved in the Hay Meadow Massacre, outside the Hugoton courthouse on June 23, 1891.[10]
During the 1890s, economic decline drove many residents to leave for newly opened territories in the American Southwest, and the population declined significantly.[5] The Santa Fe Railway reached Hugoton in 1913, which spurred growth.[6][11] Natural gas was discovered southwest of the city in 1927, leading to the development of the Hugoton Natural Gas Area and the transformation of Hugoton into a major center of natural gas extraction.[12]
Hugoton reportedly served as a temporary home for infamous criminals Bonnie and Clyde.[13] They lived in the unincorporated areas near Hugoton, assuming the aliases of Jewell and Blackie Underwood. Jewell operated a cafe, Jewell's Cafe, and Blackie reportedly worked on area farms. Locals believed they ran a bootlegging operation out of the cafe.[14] Clyde was officially in prison during the time they are claimed to be in the Hugoton area,[15] but locals still insist Jewell and Blackie were Bonnie and Clyde. Receipts from Jewel's Cafe were found in the duo's vehicle after their deaths in a 1934 shoot-out.[16]
In the mid-1930s, Hugoton, along with much of Kansas and parts of other nearby states, suffered the effects of the Dust Bowl, which ravaged the Great Plains in waves between 1934 and 1940.[17] Southwest Kansas was hit particularly hard between 1932 and 1936.[18] The famous "Black Sunday" dust storm that marks the naming of the Dust Bowl as a geographic area encompassing most of the mid-United States and affecting the entire country, hit Hugoton and neighboring towns in multiple counties and in Oklahoma early on April 14, 1935.[19]
Geography
editLocated in southwestern Kansas at the intersection of U.S. Route 56, K-25, and K-51, Hugoton is approximately 136 miles (219 km) north of Amarillo, 222 miles (357 km) west-southwest of Wichita, and 271 miles (436 km) southeast of Denver.[20][21]
It lies in the High Plains region of the Great Plains approximately 11 miles (18 km) southeast of the Cimarron River.[20][22] It also lies within, and is the namesake of, the Hugoton Natural Gas Area. The Hugoton natural gas field is the largest such field in North America and the second largest in the world.[23]
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.75 square miles (4.53 km2), all land.[24]
Climate
editHugoton has a semi-arid steppe climate (Köppen BSk) with hot, dry summers and cold, dry winters. The hottest temperature recorded in Hugoton was 116 °F (46.7 °C) on June 25, 1911, which along with Clay Center on the same day, is the highest temperature recorded in Kansas in June. Hugoton also holds the state record high for March. The coldest temperature was −22 °F (−30.0 °C) on January 7, 1912.[25]
| Climate data for Hugoton, Kansas, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1904–present | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 82 (28) |
88 (31) |
100 (38) |
100 (38) |
104 (40) |
116 (47) |
110 (43) |
114 (46) |
107 (42) |
97 (36) |
90 (32) |
84 (29) |
116 (47) |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 70.1 (21.2) |
76.4 (24.7) |
83.8 (28.8) |
89.9 (32.2) |
95.3 (35.2) |
101.4 (38.6) |
102.9 (39.4) |
100.4 (38.0) |
97.1 (36.2) |
91.5 (33.1) |
79.6 (26.4) |
69.5 (20.8) |
104.1 (40.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 47.4 (8.6) |
51.5 (10.8) |
60.6 (15.9) |
69.0 (20.6) |
78.6 (25.9) |
88.3 (31.3) |
92.3 (33.5) |
89.7 (32.1) |
82.9 (28.3) |
70.5 (21.4) |
57.7 (14.3) |
47.1 (8.4) |
69.6 (20.9) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 33.7 (0.9) |
37.1 (2.8) |
45.6 (7.6) |
54.2 (12.3) |
64.4 (18.0) |
74.1 (23.4) |
78.4 (25.8) |
76.3 (24.6) |
68.8 (20.4) |
56.0 (13.3) |
43.5 (6.4) |
34.0 (1.1) |
55.5 (13.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 20.1 (−6.6) |
22.6 (−5.2) |
30.7 (−0.7) |
39.4 (4.1) |
50.2 (10.1) |
59.9 (15.5) |
64.6 (18.1) |
62.9 (17.2) |
54.8 (12.7) |
41.6 (5.3) |
29.3 (−1.5) |
21.0 (−6.1) |
41.4 (5.2) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | 3.2 (−16.0) |
6.9 (−13.9) |
13.3 (−10.4) |
24.7 (−4.1) |
36.4 (2.4) |
49.2 (9.6) |
56.8 (13.8) |
54.8 (12.7) |
40.8 (4.9) |
25.9 (−3.4) |
12.4 (−10.9) |
3.5 (−15.8) |
−2.3 (−19.1) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −22 (−30) |
−21 (−29) |
−5 (−21) |
14 (−10) |
19 (−7) |
38 (3) |
42 (6) |
38 (3) |
24 (−4) |
12 (−11) |
−8 (−22) |
−16 (−27) |
−22 (−30) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 0.46 (12) |
0.31 (7.9) |
1.14 (29) |
1.58 (40) |
2.18 (55) |
3.40 (86) |
2.67 (68) |
3.17 (81) |
1.77 (45) |
1.61 (41) |
0.51 (13) |
0.93 (24) |
19.73 (501.9) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 2.9 (7.4) |
1.5 (3.8) |
2.8 (7.1) |
0.5 (1.3) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.1 (0.25) |
1.1 (2.8) |
4.0 (10) |
12.9 (32.65) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 2.0 | 2.2 | 3.4 | 5.1 | 6.2 | 6.7 | 6.4 | 6.7 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 2.6 | 2.8 | 52.3 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 1.2 | 5.5 |
| Source 1: NOAA[26] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: National Weather Service[25] | |||||||||||||
Demographics
edit| Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1890 | 136 | — | |
| 1900 | 54 | −60.3% | |
| 1910 | 105 | 94.4% | |
| 1920 | 644 | 513.3% | |
| 1930 | 1,368 | 112.4% | |
| 1940 | 1,349 | −1.4% | |
| 1950 | 2,781 | 106.2% | |
| 1960 | 2,912 | 4.7% | |
| 1970 | 2,739 | −5.9% | |
| 1980 | 3,165 | 15.6% | |
| 1990 | 3,179 | 0.4% | |
| 2000 | 3,708 | 16.6% | |
| 2010 | 3,904 | 5.3% | |
| 2020 | 3,747 | −4.0% | |
| U.S. Decennial Census | |||
2020 census
editThe 2020 United States census counted 3,747 people, 1,355 households, and 976 families in Hugoton.[27][28] The population density was 1,800.6 per square mile (695.2/km2). There were 1,573 housing units at an average density of 755.9 per square mile (291.8/km2).[28][29] The racial makeup was 61.84% (2,317) white or European American (51.45% non-Hispanic white), 0.48% (18) black or African-American, 1.44% (54) Native American or Alaska Native, 0.59% (22) Asian, 0.0% (0) Pacific Islander or Native Hawaiian, 23.81% (892) from other races, and 11.85% (444) from two or more races.[30] Hispanic or Latino of any race was 44.62% (1,672) of the population.[31]
Of the 1,355 households, 38.1% had children under the age of 18; 56.1% were married couples living together; 22.4% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present. 24.2% of households consisted of individuals and 10.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.[28] The average household size was 3.1 and the average family size was 3.6.[32] The percent of those with a bachelor’s degree or higher was estimated to be 7.0% of the population.[33]
28.6% of the population was under the age of 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 25.8% from 25 to 44, 21.9% from 45 to 64, and 15.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35.1 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.9 males.[28] For every 100 females ages 18 and older, there were 105.1 males.[28]
The 2016-2020 5-year American Community Survey estimates show that the median household income was $56,786 (with a margin of error of +/- $12,361) and the median family income was $61,318 (+/- $8,164).[34] Males had a median income of $35,417 (+/- $6,805) versus $17,364 (+/- $7,595) for females. The median income for those above 16 years old was $26,972 (+/- $4,981).[35] Approximately, 12.7% of families and 19.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 25.0% of those under the age of 18 and 16.1% of those ages 65 or over.[36][37]
2010 census
editAs of the 2010 census,[38] there were 3,904 people, 1,413 households, and 993 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,168.9 inhabitants per square mile (837.4/km2). There were 1,560 housing units at an average density of 866.7 per square mile (334.6/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 87.0% White, 0.8% American Indian, 0.3% African American, 0.2% Asian, 10.1% from some other race, and 1.6% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 36.4% of the population.[39]
There were 1,413 households, of which 40.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.5% were married couples living together, 4.5% had a male householder with no wife present, 8.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.7% were non-families. 26.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.71, and the average family size was 3.32.[39]
In the city, the population was spread out, with 30.3% under the age of 18, 8.8% from 18 to 24, 25.1% from 25 to 44, 22.4% from 45 to 64, and 13.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33.6 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.3 males age 18 and over.[39]
The median income for a household in the city was $52,161, and the median income for a family was $57,269. Males had a median income of $45,750 versus $33,188 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,851. About 11.6% of families and 14.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.1% of those under age 18 and 7.6% of those age 65 or over.[39]
2000 census
editAs of the 2000 census, there were 3,708 people, 1,380 households, and 968 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,084.6 inhabitants per square mile (804.9/km2). There were 1,579 housing units at an average density of 887.7 per square mile (342.7/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 81.53% White, 1.08% African American, 0.67% Native American, 0.32% Asian, 14.51% from other races, and 1.89% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 22.92% of the population.[40]
There were 1,380 households, out of which 37.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.8% were married couples living together, 8.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.8% were non-families. 27.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 3.25.[40]
In the city the population was spread out, with 30.5% under the age of 18, 8.6% from 18 to 24, 27.6% from 25 to 44, 18.7% from 45 to 64, and 14.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.9 males.[40]
The median income for a household in the city was $41,932, and the median income for a family was $50,225. Males had a median income of $37,930 versus $22,750 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,115. About 6.9% of families and 9.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.8% of those under age 18 and 2.2% of those age 65 or over.[39]
Economy
editAs of 2011, 67.5% of the population over the age of 16 was in the civilian labor force with 64.9% being employed and 2.6% unemployed. The composition, by occupation, of the employed civilian labor force was: 27.2% in management, business, science, and arts; 25.2% in natural resources, construction, and maintenance; 25.0% in sales and office occupations; 14.3% in service occupations; 8.3% in production, transportation, and material moving. The three industries employing the largest percentages of the working civilian labor force were: agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting, and mining (23.0%); educational services, health care, and social assistance (20.7%); and construction (8.3%).[39]
The cost of living in Hugoton is relatively low; compared to a U.S. average of 100, the cost of living index for the city is 80.5.[41] As of 2011, the median home value in the city was $79,300, the median selected monthly owner cost was $991 for housing units with a mortgage and $445 for those without, and the median gross rent was $628.[39]
Government
editHugoton is a city of the second class with a mayor-council form of government. The city council consists of five members and meets on the first Monday after the 4th day of each month.[42] The mayor and the council members are elected for four-year terms.[43]
As the county seat, Hugoton is the administrative center of Stevens County. The county courthouse is located downtown, and all departments of the county government base their operations in the city.[44]
Hugoton lies within Kansas's 1st U.S. Congressional District. For the purposes of representation in the Kansas Legislature, the city is in the 39th district of the Kansas Senate and the 124th district of the Kansas House of Representatives.[42]
Education
editPrimary and secondary education
editThe community is served by Hugoton USD 210 public school district, which operates five schools in Hugoton:[45]
- Hugoton Primary School (Grades Pre-K-2)
- Hugoton Intermediate School (3-6)
- Hugoton Middle School (7-8)
- Hugoton High School (9-12)
- Hugoton Learning Academy (7-12), charter school
Heritage Christian Academy, a Christian school, offers preschool and classes for grades K-8.[46]
Transportation
editU.S. Route 56 and K-25 enter Hugoton concurrently from the north, intersecting K-51, which runs east-west, in the southern part of the city. Both U.S. 56 and K-25 then run concurrently with K-51 to the west.[20]
Hugoton Municipal Airport is located on the south side of U.S. 56 less than a mile west of the city.[22] Publicly owned, it has two paved runways and is used for general aviation.[47]
A line of the Cimarron Valley Railroad passes through the northwestern corner of the city.[48]
Media
editThe Hugoton Hermes is the city's sole newspaper, published weekly.[49]
Two radio stations are licensed to Hugoton: K222AK, a translator station of NPR affiliate High Plains Public Radio in Garden City, Kansas, broadcasts from Hugoton on 92.3 FM; KFXX-FM broadcasts from Garden City on 106.7 FM, playing a Classic Hits format.[50]
Hugoton is in the Wichita-Hutchinson, Kansas television market.[51]
Notable people
edit- Billy Drago (1945–2019), actor[52]
- Steve Morris (1946- ), eight-year Kansas Senate president, 2005-2013[53][54][55]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Hugoton, Kansas
- ^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 24, 2020.
- ^ a b "Profile of Hugoton, Kansas in 2020". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on November 15, 2021. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
- ^ Butler, Ken (July 31, 2005). "Kansas Blood Spilled Into Oklahoma". Archived from the original on April 19, 2009. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
- ^ a b c Blackmar, Frank W., ed. (1912), "Stevens County", Kansas: a cyclopedia of state history, embracing events, institutions, industries, counties, cities, towns, prominent persons, etc., vol. 2, Chicago: Standard, pp. 764–766, retrieved December 6, 2009
- ^ a b History of Kansas Newspapers. Topeka, Kansas: Kansas State Historical Society and Department of Archives. 1916. p. 304.
- ^ Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. pp. 163.
- ^ Communications, United Methodist. "Hugoton United Methodist Church (Hugoton, KS) - Find-A-Church". The United Methodist Church. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
- ^ "Kansas Post Offices, 1828-1961". Kansas Historical Society. Retrieved June 23, 2014.
- ^ "Samuel N. Wood". Kansapedia - Kansas Historical Society. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
- ^ "Stevens County Kansas Genealogy". Archived from the original on May 5, 2011. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
- ^ "Stevens County, Kansas". Kansapedia. Kansas Historical Society. Retrieved May 2, 2011.
- ^ "Search For". Stevens County Library. Retrieved July 9, 2019.[failed verification][full citation needed]
- ^ "Stevens County: 1969 Hutch News interview with Claude French about Bonnie and Clyde". The Hays Daily News. Retrieved July 1, 2019.
- ^ Hendley, Nate (2007). Bonnie and Clyde: a biography. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313338717. OCLC 80360895.
- ^ "Bonnie and Clyde". FBI. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
- ^ US Department of Commerce, NOAA. "The Black Sunday Dust Storm of April 14, 1935". weather.gov. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
- ^ "Dust clouds rolling over the prairies, Hugoton, Kansas - Kansas Memory". kansasmemory.org. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
- ^ "Dust Bowl". history.com. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
- ^ a b c "2003-2004 Official Transportation Map" (PDF). Kansas Department of Transportation. 2003. Retrieved May 24, 2011.
- ^ "City Distance Tool". Geobytes. Archived from the original on October 5, 2010. Retrieved August 8, 2010.
- ^ a b "General Highway Map - Stevens County, Kansas" (PDF). Kansas Department of Transportation. October 1, 2010. Retrieved May 24, 2011.
- ^ "Background". The Hugoton Project. Kansas Geological Survey. January 2001. Retrieved November 24, 2009.
- ^ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2012.
- ^ a b "NOAA Online Weather Data – NWS Dodge City". National Weather Service. Retrieved November 27, 2023.
- ^ "U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access – Station: Hugoton, KS". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved November 27, 2023.
- ^ "US Census Bureau, Table P16: HOUSEHOLD TYPE". data.census.gov. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e "US Census Bureau, Table DP1: PROFILE OF GENERAL POPULATION AND HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS". data.census.gov. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
- ^ Bureau, US Census. "Gazetteer Files". Census.gov. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
{{cite web}}:|last=has generic name (help) - ^ "US Census Bureau, Table P1: RACE". data.census.gov. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
- ^ "US Census Bureau, Table P2: HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE". data.census.gov. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
- ^ "US Census Bureau, Table S1101: HOUSEHOLDS AND FAMILIES". data.census.gov. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
- ^ "US Census Bureau, Table S1501: EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT". data.census.gov. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
- ^ "US Census Bureau, Table S1903: MEDIAN INCOME IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS (IN 2020 INFLATION-ADJUSTED DOLLARS)". data.census.gov. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
- ^ "US Census Bureau, Table S2001: EARNINGS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS (IN 2020 INFLATION-ADJUSTED DOLLARS)". data.census.gov. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
- ^ "US Census Bureau, Table S1701: POVERTY STATUS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS". data.census.gov. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
- ^ "US Census Bureau, Table S1702: POVERTY STATUS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS OF FAMILIES". data.census.gov. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
- ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau.
- ^ a b c d e f g "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 1, 2011.
- ^ a b c "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
- ^ "Hugoton, Kansas". City-Data.com. Retrieved November 22, 2013.
- ^ a b "Hugoton". Directory of Kansas Public Officials. The League of Kansas Municipalities. Archived from the original on May 5, 2011. Retrieved May 24, 2011.
- ^ "City Government". City of Hugoton. Retrieved February 9, 2010.
- ^ "Stevens County Departments". Stevens County, Kansas. Retrieved November 22, 2013.
- ^ "USD 210 Hugoton Public Schools". Hugoton Public Schools. Retrieved November 24, 2009.
- ^ "Heritage Christian Academy". Heritage Christian Academy. Retrieved July 1, 2019.
- ^ "KHQG - Hugoton Municipal Airport". AirNav.com. Retrieved May 24, 2011.
- ^ "Kansas Operating Division Map" (PDF). BNSF Railway. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 10, 2010. Retrieved November 23, 2009.
- ^ "About this Newspaper: The Hugoton hermes". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved November 23, 2009.
- ^ "Radio Stations in Hugoton, Kansas". Radio-locator. Retrieved June 6, 2013.
- ^ "Kansas [TV market maps]". EchoStar Knowledge Base. Archived from the original on July 26, 2011. Retrieved June 6, 2013.
- ^ Roffman, Michael (June 26, 2019). "R.I.P. Billy Drago, iconic character actor and The Untouchables villain, has died at 73". Yahoo! News. United States: Oath Inc.(Verizon Communications). Consequence of Sound. Retrieved June 27, 2019.
- ^ "Biography for Steve Morris". Retrieved March 4, 2013.
- ^ Kansas Secretary of State, "Candidates for the 2012 Primary (official)," retrieved March 4, 2013.
- ^ Kansas Secretary of State, Official 2012 Primary Results
Further reading
editExternal links
edit- City of Hugoton
- Hugoton - Directory of Public Officials
- USD 210, local school district
- Dust Bowl photos of Hugoton
- Hugoton City Map, KDOT
- "Accused of double murder: The grandmother, her boyfriend, and the couple who hosted anti-government religious meetings - CNN - April 21, 2024