Cordierite (mineralogy) or iolite (gemology) is a magnesium iron aluminium cyclosilicate. Iron is almost always present, and a solid solution exists between Mg-rich cordierite and Fe-rich sekaninaite with a series formula: (Mg,Fe)2Al3(Si5AlO18) to (Fe,Mg)2Al3(Si5AlO18).[3] A high-temperature polymorph exists, indialite, which is isostructural with beryl and has a random distribution of Al in the (Si,Al)6O18 rings.[4] Cordierite is also synthesized and used in high temperature applications such as catalytic converters and pizza stones.
| Cordierite | |
|---|---|
 | |
| General | |
| Category | Cyclosilicate |
| Formula (repeating unit) | (Mg,Fe)2Al4Si5O18 |
| IMA symbol | Crd[1] |
| Strunz classification | 9.CJ.10 |
| Dana classification | 61.02.01.01 Cordierite group |
| Crystal system | Orthorhombic |
| Crystal class | Dipyramidal (mmm) H-M symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
| Space group | Cccm |
| Unit cell | a = 17.079 Å, b = 9.730 Å, c = 9.356 Å; Z = 4 |
| Identification | |
| Color | Blue, smoky blue, bluish violet; greenish, yellowish brown, gray; colorless to very pale blue in thin section in transmitted light |
| Crystal habit | Pseudo-hexagonal prismatic twins, as imbedded grains, and massive |
| Twinning | Common on {110}, {130}, simple, lamellar, cyclical |
| Cleavage | Fair on {100}, poor on {001} and {010} |
| Fracture | Subconchoidal |
| Tenacity | Brittle |
| Mohs scale hardness | 7–7.5 |
| Luster | Greasy or vitreous |
| Streak | White |
| Diaphaneity | Transparent to translucent |
| Specific gravity | 2.57–2.66 |
| Optical properties | Usually optically (-), sometimes (+); 2V = 0–90° |
| Refractive index | nα = 1.527 – 1.560 nβ = 1.532 – 1.574 nγ = 1.538 – 1.578 Indices increase with Fe content. |
| Pleochroism | X = pale yellow, green; Y = violet, blue-violet; Z = pale blue |
| Fusibility | on thin edges |
| Diagnostic features | Resembles quartz, can be distinguished by pleochroism. Can be distinguished from corundum by its lower hardness |
| References | [2][3][4][5] |
Name and discovery
editCordierite, which was discovered in 1813, in specimens from Níjar, Almería, Spain, is named after the French geologist Louis Cordier (1777–1861).[3]
Occurrence
editCordierite typically occurs in contact or regional metamorphism of pelitic rocks. It is especially common in hornfels produced by contact metamorphism of pelitic rocks. Two common metamorphic mineral assemblages include sillimanite-cordierite-spinel and cordierite-spinel-plagioclase-orthopyroxene. Other associated minerals include garnet (cordierite-garnet-sillimanite gneisses) and anthophyllite.[5][6] Cordierite also occurs in some granites, pegmatites, and norites in gabbroic magmas. Alteration products include mica, chlorite, and talc. Cordierite occurs, for example, in the granite contact zone at Geevor Tin Mine in Cornwall.
Commercial use
editCatalytic converters are commonly made from ceramics containing a large proportion of synthetic cordierite. The manufacturing process deliberately aligns the cordierite crystals to make use of the very low thermal expansion along one axis. This prevents thermal shock cracking from taking place when the catalytic converter is used.[7]
Gem variety
editAs the transparent variety iolite, it is often used as a gemstone. The name "iolite" comes from the Greek word for violet. Another old name is dichroite, a Greek word meaning "two-colored rock", a reference to cordierite's strong pleochroism. It has also been called "water-sapphire" and "Vikings' Compass" because of its usefulness in determining the direction of the sun on overcast days, the Vikings having used it for this purpose.[8] This works by determining the direction of polarization of the sky overhead. Light scattered by air molecules is polarized, and the direction of the polarization is at right angles to a line to the sun, even when the sun's disk itself is obscured by dense fog or lies just below the horizon.[9]
Gem quality iolite varies in color from sapphire blue to blue violet to yellowish gray to light blue as the light angle changes. Iolite is sometimes used as an inexpensive substitute for sapphire. It is much softer than sapphires and is abundantly found in Australia (Northern Territory), Brazil, Burma, Canada (Yellowknife area of the Northwest Territories), India, Madagascar, Namibia, Sri Lanka, Tanzania and the United States (Connecticut). The largest iolite crystal found weighed more than 24,000 carats (4,800 g), and was discovered in Wyoming, US.[10]
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Left: rough specimen showing dichroism; right: cut stone
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Facet cut iolite gemstone
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Pleochroism of cordierite
Another name for blue iolite is steinheilite, after Fabian Steinheil, the Russian military governor of Finland who observed that it was a different mineral from quartz.[11] Praseolite is another iolite variety which results from heat treatment. It should not be confused with prasiolite.[12]
Applications
editCordierite is used in manufacturing kiln furniture for its impressive thermal shock resistance, which allows it to withstand rapid temperature changes without cracking.[13] It is also employed to produce insulation equipment and electric heating elements in fuses, thermostats, and lighting technology.[14][15]
In the automotive industry, cordierite is used in catalytic converters due to its excellent thermal stability and low thermal expansion.[16] It forms the honeycomb substrates within the converters, which support the catalytic coating that reduces harmful emissions.[17]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Warr, L.N. (2021). "IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols". Mineralogical Magazine. 85 (3): 291–320. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. S2CID 235729616.
- ^ "Cordierite" (PDF). Handbook of Mineralogy. RRUFF™ Project.
- ^ a b c "Cordierite". Mindat.org.
- ^ a b http://webmineral.com/data/Cordierite.shtml Webmineral data
- ^ a b Dana, James Dwight; Klein, Cornelis; Hurlbut, Cornelius S. (1985). Manual of Mineralogy (20th ed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons. pp. 395–396. ISBN 0-471-80580-7.
- ^ Klein, Cornelis (2002). The Manual of Mineral Science (22nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-25177-1.
- ^ Cybulski, Andrzej; Moulijn, Jacob A., eds. (2005). Structured Catalysts and Reactors (Second ed.). CRC Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-8247-2343-9.
- ^ Guillot, Agnès; Meyer, Jean-Arcady (2010) [Published in French in 2008]. How To Catch a Robot Rat: When Biology Inspires Innovation [La bionique: Quand la science imite la Nature]. Translated by Susan Emanuel. The MIT Press. p. 212. ISBN 978-0-262-01452-6.
Many insects and a few birds perceive polarized light. The Vikings used cordierite for this purpose, a stone that allowed them to reckon the position of the sun by observing the stone's changes in color.
- ^ Noel, Oscar; Bowling, Sue Ann (March 21, 1988). "Polar Navigation and the Sky Compass". Alaska Science Forum. Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks. Archived from the original on April 27, 2012. Retrieved March 25, 2009.
- ^ Topix Local News: Casper, WY, Wyoming is Most Gemstone-Rich State in US, Sept. 13, 2011
- ^ Sowerby, James (1811), Exotic mineralogy: or, Coloured figures of foreign minerals: as a supplement to British mineralogy, B. Meredith, p. 173.
- ^ "Prasiolite". Amethyst Galleries' Mineral Gallery.
- ^ CN 1415575A
- ^ Hegbom, Thor (1997). Integrating Electrical Heating Elements in Product Design (1st ed.). CRC Press. p. 146. ISBN 9781315214436.
- ^ Marko, Pavlovic; Anja, Terzic (2024). "Developing thermal insulation cement-based mortars with recycled aggregate in accordance with net zero principles". Science of Sintering: 2. doi:10.2298/SOS231215002P. ISSN 2683-3867.
- ^ "An Introduction to Cordierite Ceramic". Pricious Ceramics. Aug 8, 2024. Retrieved June 9, 2024.
- ^ Radwan, Nagi; Shobaky (2004). "Cordierite as catalyst support for cobalt and manganese oxides in oxidation–reduction reactions". Applied Catalysis A: General. 274 (1–2): 87–99. doi:10.1016/j.apcata.2004.05.032.