Colorectal surgery is a field in medicine dealing with disorders of the rectum, anus, and colon.[1] The field is also known as proctology, but this term is now used infrequently within medicine and is most often employed to identify practices relating to the anus and rectum in particular.[clarification needed] The word proctology is derived from the Greek words πρωκτός proktos, meaning "anus" or "hindparts", and -λογία -logia, meaning "science" or "study".
Physicians specializing in this field of medicine are called colorectal surgeons or proctologists. In the United States, to become colorectal surgeons, surgical doctors have to complete a general surgery residency as well as a colorectal surgery fellowship, upon which they are eligible to be certified in their field of expertise by the American Board of Colon and Rectal Surgery or the American Osteopathic Board of Proctology. In other countries, certification to practice proctology is given to surgeons at the end of a 2–3 year subspecialty residency by the country's board of surgery.
Scope of the specialty
editColorectal surgical disorders include:[2]
- varicosities or swelling, and inflammation of veins in the rectum and anus (hemorrhoids)
- unnatural cracks or tears in the anus (anal fissures)
- abnormal connections or passageways between the rectum or other anorectal area to the skin surface (fistulas)
- severe constipation conditions
- fecal incontinence
- protrusion of the walls of the rectum through the anus (rectal prolapse)
- birth defects such as the imperforate anus
- treatment of severe colic disorders, such as Crohn's disease
- cancer of the colon and rectum (colorectal cancer)
- repositioning of the rectal area if fallen out
- anal cancer
- any injuries to the anus
- removal of objects inserted into anus
- performing colonoscopies
- performing hemorrhoidectomies
Surgical treatment and diagnostic procedures
editSurgical forms of treatment for these conditions include: colectomy, ileo/colostomy, polypectomy, strictureplasty, hemorrhoidectomy (in severe cases of hemorrhoids), minimally invasive surgery, anoplasty, and more depending on the condition the patient has. Diagnostic procedures, such as a colonoscopy, are very important in colorectal surgery, as they can tell the physician what type of diagnosis should be given and what procedure should be done to correct the condition. Other diagnostic procedures used by colorectal surgeons include: proctoscopy, defecating proctography, sigmoidoscopy. In recent times, the laparoscopic method of surgery has seen a surge of popularity, due to its lower risks, decreased recovery time, and smaller, more precise incisions achieved by using laparoscopic instruments.[3]
Mechanical bowel preparation
editMechanical bowel preparation (MBP) is a procedure lacking evidence in literature,[4] wherein fecal matter is expelled from the bowel lumen prior to surgery, most commonly by using sodium phosphate.[5]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Colon and Rectal Surgery Specialty Description". American Medical Association. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
- ^ "Digestive Tract: Rectal and Colon Diseases and Conditions". Cleveland Clinic.
- ^ "What is minimally invasive surgery?". ccalliance.org. 5 October 2018. Retrieved 2019-10-22.
- ^ McCoubrey AS (September 2007). "The use of mechanical bowel preparation in elective colorectal surgery". Ulster Med J. 76 (3): 127–30. PMC 2075581. PMID 17853636.
- ^ Zmora O; Pikarsky AJ; Wexner SD (October 2001). "Bowel preparation for colorectal surgery". Dis. Colon Rectum. 44 (10): 1537–49. doi:10.1007/bf02234614. PMID 11598488. S2CID 138004.