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Cloud suck

Cloud suck is a phenomenon commonly known in paragliding, hang gliding, and sailplane flying where pilots experience significant lift due to a thermal under the base of cumulus clouds, especially towering cumulus and cumulonimbus. The vertical extent of a cumulus cloud is a good indicator of the strength of lift beneath it, and the potential for cloud suck.[1] Cloud suck most commonly occurs in low pressure weather and in humid conditions.[2]

Towering cumulus clouds are often associated with cloud suck.

Cloud suck is typically associated with an increase in thermal updraft velocity near cloud base. As a parcel of air lifted in a thermal rises, it also cools, and water vapour will eventually condense to form a cloud if the parcel rises above the lifted condensation level. As the water vapour condenses, it releases its latent heat of vaporization, thereby increasing the buoyancy of the parcel.[3] The updraft is amplified by this latent heat release.[1][4] Although the process that causes this amplification happens above cloud base height, the effect is often noticeable as much as 300 m (1,000 feet) below cloud base. In fact, it is this effect below cloud base, not the effect within the cloud, that is generally referred to by pilots as cloud suck. The telltale signs for a pilot climbing in the thermal under a "sucking" cloud are (1) lift strengthening, (2) lift getting smoother, and (3) widening of the thermal.

Paraglider pilots have reported being unable to descend in strong cloud suck, even after bringing their canopies into deep spiral, which would normally result in a rapid vertical descent.[5] Cloud suck is especially dangerous for paraglider pilots, whose maximum speed is less than 30 knots, because storm clouds (Cumulonimbus) can expand and develop rapidly over a large area with accompanying large areas of strong lift.[6]

On 14 February 2007 while practising for a paragliding contest in Australia, Polish-born[7] German team pilot Ewa Wiśnierska-Cieślewicz was sucked into a cumulonimbus cloud, climbing at up to 20 m per second (4,000 feet per minute)[8] to an altitude of 9,946 m (32,600 feet).[9] She lost consciousness due to hypoxia, but regained consciousness after 30 minutes to an hour, and landed still covered in ice after a three and a half hour flight.[10][11][12] In the same storm, 42-year-old Chinese paraglider pilot He Zhongpin died after being sucked into the same storm system and struck by lightning at 5900 m (19,000 feet). His body was found the next day 15 km (9.3 mi) from his last known position prior to entering the cloud.[13]

In 2014 Italian paraglider Paolo Antoniazzi, a 66-year-old retired Army general, died after being sucked into a thunderstorm.[14]

Compared with hang-gliders and paragliders, sailplanes have much higher top speeds (often over 250 km/h), and can more easily escape powerful cumulonimbus clouds by flying away quickly or by using very effective air brakes. A sailplane also has the added benefit of the pilot being able to put the sailplane into a spin to descend rapidly without over speeding.

The wreck of the Shenandoah

Cloud suck is also a concern for powered aircraft but is usually not a lethal hazard, except in extreme weather situations.[6] The USS Shenandoah, the first rigid airship built in the United States, and the first in the world to be inflated with helium, was lost in a cloud suck accident associated with a squall line. At about 6:00 AM on 3 September 1925, near Ava in northern Noble County, Ohio, the Shenandoah was suddenly caught in a violent updraft while at an altitude of 2,100 feet (640 m), rising at the rate of a meter per second. At about 6,200 feet (1,900 m) the ascent was checked, but the ship began to descend. When halfway to the ground it was hit by another updraft and began to rise rapidly at an even faster rate. Ultimately the keel snapped, and the ship broke up while still more than a mile above the ground. Shenandoah's commanding officer and 13 other officers and men were killed. Twenty-nine members of the crew survived the break-up, although some received serious injuries.[15][16]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Pagen, Dennis (2001). The Art of Paragliding. City: Black Mountain Books. pp. 105, 108. ISBN 0-936310-14-6. Remember, the thickness of a cumulus clouds is the biggest indicator of the level of lift beneath it and the potential for cloud suck...
  2. ^ Pagen, Dennis (1992). Understanding the Sky. Spring Mills, PA: Sport Aviation Pubns. p. 230. ISBN 0-936310-10-3. Cloud suck seems to occur most commonly in low pressure weather and especially in humid conditions.
  3. ^ Macgorman, D. (1998). The Electrical Nature of Storms. Oxford Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press. p. 164. ISBN 0-19-507337-1. As the water vapor condenses, it releases its latent heat of vaporization, thereby increasing the buoyancy of the parcel.
  4. ^ Fox, Peter (2000). Geophysical and Astrophysical Convection. Washington: Taylor & Francis. p. 251. ISBN 90-5699-258-9. The updraft is amplified by latent heat release...
  5. ^ Simpson, Joe (2003). The Beckoning Silence. Seattle: Mountaineers Books. p. 62. ISBN 0-89886-941-2. As she instigated the stall she was alarmed to realize that far from free-falling she was still slowly being pulled upwards.
  6. ^ a b Anderson, Fletcher (2003). Flying the Mountains. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 219. ISBN 0-07-141053-8. Paraglider pilots, whose maximum speed is less than 30 knots, have a particular phobia about flying under large cumulus clouds.
  7. ^ "I have fun living like a bird", Standa Hlavinka & Ewa Wisnierska Cieslewicz, www.skyfly.cz
  8. ^ "Paraglider survives wild flight". Herald Sun. 2007-02-17. Archived from the original on 2009-04-28. Retrieved 2007-05-20. Ewa Wisnierska, 35, was catapulted upwards like a leaf at speeds of up to 20 metres per second...
  9. ^ Besser, Linton (2007-02-16). "Ewa sucked into storm and lives to tell". The Sydney Morning Herald. Jano Gibson and David Braithwaite. Retrieved 2007-05-20. Ewa Wisnierska, 35, passed out due to a lack of oxygen and flew unconscious for up to an hour covered in ice after reaching an altitude of 9947 metres
  10. ^ Wendy Lewis (2007). See Australia and Die. New Holland. ISBN 978-1-74110-583-4.
  11. ^ "Paraglider Cheats Death In Thunderstorm". CBS News. 2007-02-16. Retrieved 2007-05-21. 'The glider kept climbing, climbing, and I couldn't see anything. Then it got dark. I was already shaking, all wet, all the instruments were wet and frozen' she recounted.
  12. ^ Meldung des DHV mit persönlicher Stellungsnahme der Pilotin zum Vorfall (in German)
  13. ^ Braithwaite, David (2007-02-20). "Lightning killed paraglider". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2007-05-20. A lightning strike killed a Chinese man who disappeared after being sucked into the storm survived by German paraglider Ewa Wisnierska last week.
  14. ^ "Udine, trovato morto parapendista risucchiato dal temporale".
  15. ^ U.S. National Park Service. "Shenandoah Crash Sites --Aviation: From Sand Dunes to Sonic Booms: A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary". Archived from the original on 2012-10-19. Retrieved 2007-05-20.
  16. ^ Waller, Douglas (2004). A Question of Loyalty : Gen. Billy Mitchell and the Court-Martial That Gripped the Nation. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. pp. 15–16. ISBN 0-06-050547-8. The squall now quickly lifted up the helpless airship to 6,300 feet...then it plunged in a matter of minutes down to 3,200 feet.
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