Accounting research examines how accounting is used by individuals, organizations and government as well as the consequences that these practices have. Starting from the assumption that accounting both measures and makes visible certain economic events, accounting research has studied the roles of accounting in organizations and society and the consequences that these practices have for individuals, organizations, governments and capital markets.[1][2] It encompasses a broad range of topics including financial accounting research, management accounting research, auditing research, capital market research, accountability research, social responsibility research and taxation research.[3]
Academic accounting research "addresses all aspects of the accounting profession" using the scientific method, while research by practicing accountants focuses on solving problems for a client or group of clients.[4] Academic accounting research can make significant contribution to accounting practice,[4][1] although changes in accounting education and the accounting academia in recent decades have led to a divide between academia and practice in accounting.[5]
Overview
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"Accounting has been a craft that has had no essence. It has changed significantly across time, adopting new forms, methods, and roles. Likewise for accounting research. [...] Indeed the very role of accounting research is in part to make both accounting and our knowledge of it different, to move forward our understandings of accounting and, at times, the practice of accounting itself. "[1] |
| —Anthony Hopwood, in his address to the 2006 American Accounting Association annual meeting |
Accounting research is carried out both by academic researchers and by practicing accountants. Academic accounting research addresses all areas of the accounting profession, and examines issues using the scientific method; it uses evidence from a wide variety of sources, including financial information, experiments, computer simulations, interviews, surveys, historical records, and ethnography.[4][6][7]
Research by practicing accountants "focuses on solving immediate problems for a single client or small group of clients" and involve, for example, decision-making on the implementation of new accounting or auditing standards, the presentation of unusual transactions in the financial statements, and the impact of new tax laws on clients.[4]
Accounting research is also carried out by accounting organizations such as standard-setting bodies. For example, the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) may initiate research projects for certain issues, the results of these may inform its decision whether to move the issues to its active agenda.[8]
History of accounting research
editAccounting research has undergone some significant changes in the past decades.[3][9] In the 1950s, an accounting academia was established that adopted the requirements of social science academia, such as PhD qualifications and research papers.[5] The mid-1970s saw a shift from the dominance of normative research to:
- positive research "that uses methods from finance and economics",[3]
- behavioral research drawing on psychology,[10]
- interdisciplinary research that has adapted methods from a wide variety of social sciences,[11]
- public interest accounting research that examines the public interest consequences of different accounting practices, and
- critical research using Marxian and other critical theory perspectives.[12]
Academic research and accounting practice
editContribution of academic research to practice
editThe contribution of academic accounting research to accounting practice includes the assessment of current accounting practices, the development of new practices, and the development of university curricula:
- "Academic research has an important role to play, both in assessing the extent to which existing practices are 'fit for purpose' and in developing new practices to address changing business, economic and societal needs. Research also informs the teaching curricula in universities, thus affecting the range of issues of which future generations will become aware and consider important."[1]
For example, academic accounting research[13] "can improve the understanding of how stakeholders actually use the information accountants provide", and prior academic studies have contributed to fraud risk assessment, the future direction of the profession, and the impact of changing accounting standards.[4]
Gap between academia and practice
editSeveral publications, including the recent accounting literature, have suggested a divide or gap between the academic and professional communities in accounting.[5][14] Aspects of the divide have been suggested to include criticisms of academics for speaking with their own jargon and aiming to publish research rather than improve practice, and criticisms of practicing accountants for being resistant to changes to the status quo and reluctant to disclose data.[5]
The divide between accounting academia and practice was originally centered on whether a broader education or just technical training was the best way to educate accountants. From the 1950s, accounting academia and practice grew further divided due to the accounting academic community adopting requirements from social science academia, while practicing accountants "maintained an emphasis on professional qualifications and technical skills".[5]
Aside from accounting academia and practice valuing different skills and requirements, a variety of factors have been proposed for the divide. One view is that a lack of training in reading academic research may lead practicing accountants "to dismiss what could be very helpful information as either too complicated or too disconnected to be useful";[4] while another view points to fundamental failures in academic research in business and economics in general—for example that researchers have failed to effectively question prevailing economic and business models.[1]
Types of academic accounting research
editAcademic accounting research addresses a range of broad topical areas within accounting, using a wide variety of methodologies and theories. The following classifications highlight several important types of accounting research. They are by no means exhaustive, and many academic accounting studies resist simple classification.[15]
Topical areas
edit- Financial accounting research
- Examines financial accounting and the financial markets,[16] and focuses on the relationship between accounting information and the decision-making of external users of the accounting information in the capital markets.[3]
- Managerial accounting research
- Focuses on management accounting and the relationship between management accounting information and its internal users,[3] for example examining the allocation of resources and decision-making within an enterprise.[16]
- Auditing research
- Studies related to the audit function,[3] including auditor decision-making and the effects of auditing on financial reporting.[16]
- Taxation research
- Examines taxation-related issues such as market reactions to tax disclosures and taxpayer decision-making,[16] and the relationship between accounting information and tax authorities.[3][16]
- Governance research
- Examines the overall corporate management of organizations.[3]
- Accounting information systems (AIS) research
- Examines issues related to accounting information systems, such as system security and design science.[16]
Accounting education research
Focuses on the development of relevant curriculum, decision making, and applied research at the undergraduate and graduate levels.[17]
Methodologies
edit- Archival research
- Research that examines "objective data collected from repositories", including data collected by the researchers.[16]
- Experimental research
- Research that examines data "the researcher gathered by administering treatments to subjects".[16]
- Analytical research
- Research "based on the act of formally modeling theories or substantiating ideas in mathematical terms".[16][18]
- Interpretive research
- Research that emphasizes the role of language, interpretation and understanding in accounting practice, "highlighting the symbolic structures and taken-for-granted themes which pattern the world in distinct ways."[19]
- Critical research
- Research that emphasizes the role of power and conflict in accounting practice.[19]
Other possible methodologies include the use of case studies, computer simulations and field research.[16]
Theories
edit- Agency theory
- Research that seeks to explain and predict accounting practices related to the principal-agent relationship between shareholders and managers, including issues related to information asymmetry and moral hazard.[20]
- Institutional theory
- Research that focuses socially-generated rules that structure accounting practices in organizations and society.[15]
- Structuration theory
- Research that draws on the structuration theory of Anthony Giddens, and that seeks to explain accounting practices as an interaction between an individual's capability to make choices and the social rules and structures that constrain individual choices, and which are reproduced through individual behavior.[15]
- Foucauldian theory
- Research influenced by Michael Foucault that sees accounting practices as dependent on historical circumstances, and as tools for disciplining individual behavior.[15]
- Latourian theory
- Research influenced by Bruno Latour that is "concerned with understanding accounting technologies in the context of networks of human and non-human 'actants'."[15]
- Linguistic theory
- Research that sees accounting as a discursive practice, and which draws on linguistic theory and hermeneutics.[21]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d e The Relevance and Utility of Leading Accounting Research (PDF), The Association of Chartered Certified Accountants, 2010, archived from the original (PDF) on December 27, 2013, retrieved December 27, 2013
- ^ Burchell, S.; Clubb, C.; Hopwood, A.; Hughes, J.; Nahapiet, J. (1980). "The roles of accounting in organizations and society". Accounting, Organizations and Society. 5 (1): 5–27. doi:10.1016/0361-3682(80)90017-3.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Oler, Derek K., Mitchell J. Oler, and Christopher J. Skousen. 2010. "Characterizing Accounting Research." Accounting Horizons 24 (4): 635–670.
- ^ a b c d e f Gordon, Teresa P., and Jason C. Porter. 2009. "Reading and Understanding Academic Research in Accounting: A Guide for Students." Global Perspectives on Accounting Education 6: 25-45.
- ^ a b c d e Guthrie, J., Roger Burritt and Elaine Evans. 2011. "The Relationship between Academic Accounting Research and Professional Practice," in Bridging the Gap between Academic Accounting Research and Professional Practice, eds. Elaine Evans, Roger Burritt and James Guthrie. (New South Wales: The Institute of Chartered Accountants in Australia).
- ^ Covaleski, M. A.; Dirsmith, M. W. (1990). "Dialectic tension, double reflexivity and the everyday accounting researcher: On using qualitative methods". Accounting, Organizations and Society. 15 (6): 543–573. doi:10.1016/0361-3682(90)90034-R.
- ^ Jönsson, S.; Macintosh, N. B. (1997). "CATS, RATS, and EARS: Making the case for ethnographic accounting research". Accounting, Organizations and Society. 22 (3–4): 367–386. doi:10.1016/S0361-3682(96)00040-2. hdl:10092/105425.
- ^ Research projects, IFRS Foundation, 2013, archived from the original on 2013-12-28, retrieved December 27, 2013
- ^ Anthony G. Hopwood and Hein Schreuder (1984), European Contributions to Accounting Research, VU Uitgeverij/Free University Press. ISBN 90-6256-133-0
- ^ Birnberg, J. G.; Shields, J. F. (1989). "Three decades of behavioral accounting research: A search for order". Behavioral Research in Accounting. 1: 23–74.
- ^ Roslender, R.; Dillard, J. F. (2003). "Reflections on the interdisciplinary perspectives on accounting project". Critical Perspectives on Accounting. 14 (3): 325–351. doi:10.1006/cpac.2002.0526.
- ^ Morales, Jérémy; Sponem, Samuel (2017). "You too can have a critical perspective! 25 years of Critical Perspectives on Accounting". Critical Perspectives on Accounting. 43 (43): 149–166. doi:10.1016/j.cpa.2016.09.003.
- ^ Merigo, Jose M.; Yang, Jian-Bo (2017). "Accounting Research: A Bibliometric Analysis". Australian Accounting Review. 27: 71–100. doi:10.1111/auar.12109. ISSN 1835-2561.
- ^ Laughlin, Richard. 2011. "Accounting Research, Policy and Practice: Worlds Together or Worlds Apart?," in Bridging the Gap between Academic Accounting Research and Professional Practice, eds. Elaine Evans, Roger Burritt and James Guthrie. (New South Wales: The Institute of Chartered Accountants in Australia).
- ^ a b c d e Baxter, Jane; Chua, Wai Fong (2003). "Alternative management accounting research - whence and whither". Accounting, Organizations and Society. 28 (2–3): 97–126. doi:10.1016/S0361-3682(02)00022-3.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Coyne, Joshua G., Scott L. Summers, Brady Williams, and David a. Wood. 2010. "Accounting Program Research Rankings by Topical Area and Methodology." Issues in Accounting Education 25 (4) (November): 631–654.
- ^ Moon, Jared S.; Wood, David A. (2020-11-01). "Research Initiatives in Accounting Education: Research Relevance and Research Productivity". Issues in Accounting Education. 35 (4): 111–124. doi:10.2308/ISSUES-2020-012. ISSN 1558-7983. S2CID 225764196.
- ^ "Accounting Project Topics and Materials". School Project Topics. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
Analytical researchers model economic and accounting institutions with the goal of generating empirically testable propositions. Primary research questions of interest are the relation between accounting disclosures and security prices, undertaken within market equilibrium models, and the role of accounting information in mitigating incentive problems within firms, generally formulated within principal-agent models. Other economic models are employed as well. Analytical research demands high-level training in economic theory, statistics, and mathematics.
- ^ a b Chua, Wai Fong (1986). "Radical developments in accounting thought". The Accounting Review. 61 (4): 601–632.
- ^ Jensen, Michael C. (1983). "Organization theory and methodology". Accounting Review. 58 (2): 319–339.
- ^ Arrington, C. Edward; Francis, Jere R. (1993). "Giving economic accounts: Accounting as a cultural practice". Accounting, Organizations and Society. 18 (2/3): 107–124. doi:10.1016/0361-3682(93)90029-6.