Minamoto no Yoshitomo (源 義朝) (1123 – 11 February 1160) was the head of the Minamoto clan and a general of the late Heian period of Japanese history. His son Minamoto no Yoritomo became shōgun and founded the Kamakura shogunate, the first shogunate in the history of Japan.
Minamoto no Yoshitomo 源義朝 | |
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| Head of Kawachi Genji | |
| Preceded by | Minamoto no Tameyoshi |
| Succeeded by | Minamoto no Yoritomo |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1123 |
| Died | February 11, 1160 |
| Nationality | Japanese |
| Spouse(s) | Yura Gozen |
| Relations | Tokiwa Gozen (concubine) |
| Children | |
| Parents |
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| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Minamoto clan |
| Branch/service | Minamoto clan |
His Dharma name was Shōjō Juin (勝定寿院).
Hōgen Rebellion
editWith the outbreak of the Hōgen Rebellion in 1156, the members of the Minamoto and Taira samurai clans were called into the conflict. Yoshitomo and Taira no Kiyomori both threw their support behind Emperor Go-Shirakawa and Fujiwara no Tadamichi, while Yoshitomo's father, Minamoto no Tameyoshi, sided with the retired Emperor Sutoku and Fujiwara no Yorinaga. Yoshitomo, defeating his father and the forces of Sutoku and Yorinaga, became head of the Minamoto clan and established himself as the main political power in the capital of Kyoto. However, despite attempts to have his father pardoned, Tameyoshi was executed. In the aftermath of the rebellion, the Taira and Minamoto became two of the strongest and most influential clans in Japan, which turned the two clans into bitter rivals.[1]
Heiji Rebellion
editIn the first months of 1160 while Taira no Kiyomori was absent from the capital of Kyoto, Yoshitomo and Fujiwara no Nobuyori placed Go-Shirakawa under house arrest and killed his retainers, including the scholar Fujiwara no Michinori, in what is called the Heiji rebellion. The civil war wasn't to go on for very long as Kiyomori declared his support for the Emperor and rapidly defeated the rebel forces within the span of a month.[1]: 255–258
While making his escape from Kyoto, Yoshitomo was forced to sacrifice his son Tomonaga to buy time. Even so, Yoshitomo was eventually betrayed and murdered while taking a bath. Three of his surviving sons, Yoritomo, Yoshitsune and Noriyori, were spared execution and exiled by the victorious Kiyomori. However, Yoshitomo's allies Yoshihira and Nobuyori were both executed.[2]
His grave in Aichi Prefecture is surrounded on all sides by wooden swords (bokuto), as by legend his last words were "If only I'd had a bokuto...".
Family
editYoshitomo fathered five sons in total. His two sons, Yoshihira and Tomonaga, lost their lives following the Minamoto Clan's defeat in the Heiji Rebellion in 1160. At the time of the outbreak of the Genpei War in 1180, Minamoto no Yoritomo was his eldest surviving son. His other two surviving sons were Minamoto no Noriyori and Minamoto no Yoshitsune.
- Father: Minamoto no Tameyoshi (源為義, 1096–1156)
- Mother: Daughter of Fujiwara no Tadakiyo (藤原忠清の娘)
- Wife: Yura Gozen (由良御前, ?–1159), "Urahime" (由良姫), daughter of Fujiwara no Suenori (藤原季範).
- Concubine: Tokiwa Gozen (常盤御前, 1138–c.1180)
- 1st son: Minamoto no Yoshihira (源義平, 1140–1160)
- 2nd son: Minamoto no Tomonaga (源朝長, 1144–1160)
- 3rd son: Minamoto no Yoritomo (源頼朝, 1147–1199)
- 4th son: Minamoto no Yoshikado (源義門, ?–?)
- 5th son: Minamoto no Mareyoshi (源希義, 1152–1180 or 1182)
- 6th son: Minamoto no Noriyori (源範頼, 1150–1193)
- 7th son: Ano Zenjō (阿野全成, 1153–1203)
- 8th son: Gien (義円, 1155–1181)
- 9th son: Minamoto no Yoshitsune (源義経, 1159–1189)
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Sansom, George (1958). A history of Japan to 1334. Stanford University Press. pp. 210–211, 255–256. ISBN 0804705232.
- ^ Turnbull, Stephen (1977). The Samurai, A Military History. MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc. p. 40. ISBN 0026205408.
Bibliography
edit- Turnbull, Stephen (1998). The Samurai Sourcebook. London: Cassell & Co. page 60.