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First Dynasty of Ur

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First dynasty of Ur
𒉆𒈗𒋀𒀕𒆠 (Sumerian)
nam-lugal urim2KI

Ur I
A map of the Near East detailing the approximated territorial extent of the Sumerian empire during the first dynasty of Ur
class=notpageimage|
Location of Ur, in Western Asia, modern Iraq.
Ur (Iraq)
CountrySumer
Foundedc. 2600 BC (c. 2600 BC)
FounderMesannepada
Final rulerBalulu
Historic seatUr
Titles
List
Connected familiesThird dynasty of Ur
Dissolutionc. 2340 BC (c. 2340 BC)

The first dynasty of Ur (abbreviated Ur I) was a dynasty of rulers from the city of Ur in ancient Sumer who reigned c. 2600 – c. 2340 BC. Ur I is part of the Early Dynastic III period of ancient Mesopotamia. [1] It was preceded by the earlier First Dynasty of Kish and the First Dynasty of Uruk.[2]

Rule

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Golden helmet of Meskalamdug, possible founder of the First Dynasty of Ur.
Gold objects from tomb PG 580, Royal Cemetery at Ur.
King at peace, with attendants, from the Standard of Ur.
King at war, with soldiers, from the Standard of Ur.

According to the Sumerian King List, the final ruler of the First Dynasty of Uruk Lugal-kitun was overthrown by Mesannepada of Ur. There were then four kings in the First Dynasty of Ur: Mesannepada, Mes-kiagnuna, Elulu, and Balulu.[3] Two other kings earlier than Mes-Anepada are known from other sources, namely Mes-kalam-du and A-Kalam-du.[3] It would seem that Mes-Anepada was the son of Mes-kalam-du, according to the inscription found on a bead in Mari, and Mes-kalam-du was the founder of the dynasty.[3] A probable Queen Puabi is also known from her lavish tomb at the Royal Cemetery at Ur. The First Dynasty of Ur had extensive influence over the area of Sumer, and apparently led a union of south Mesopotamian polities.[3][4]

Funeral procession at the Royal Cemetery of Ur (items and positions in PG 789), circa 2600 BCE (reconstitution).

Ethnicity and language

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Like other Sumerians, the people of Ur were a non-Semitic people who may have come from the east circa 3300 BCE, and spoke a language isolate.[5][6]

International trade

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Main articles: Indus-Mesopotamia relations and Egypt-Mesopotamia relations
The etched carnelian beads in this necklace from the Royal Cemetery dating to the First Dynasty of Ur were probably imported from the Indus Valley. British Museum.[7]

The artifacts found in the royal tombs of the dynasty show that foreign trade was particularly active during this period, with many materials coming from foreign lands, such as Carnelian likely coming from the Indus or Iran, Lapis Lazuli from the Badakhshan area of Afghanistan, silver from Turkey, copper from Oman, and gold from several locations such as Egypt, Nubia, Turkey or Iran.[8] Carnelian beads from the Indus were found in Ur tombs dating to 2600-2450, in an example of Indus-Mesopotamia relations.[9] In particular, carnelian beads with an etched design in white were probably imported from the Indus Valley, and made according to a technique developed by the Harappans.[7] These materials were used into the manufacture of beautiful objects in the workshops of Ur.[8]

Lapis lazuli was likely imported from the Badakhshan area of Afghanistan.[8]

The Ur I dynasty had enormous wealth as shown by the lavishness of its tombs. This was probably due to the fact that Ur acted as the main harbour for trade with India, which put her in a strategic position to import and trade vast quantities of gold, carnelian or lapis lazuli.[4] In comparison, the burials of the kings of Kish were much less lavish.[4] High-prowed Sumerian ships may have traveled as far as Meluhha, thought to be the Indus region, for trade.[4]

Demise

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According to the Sumerian King List, the First Dynasty of Ur was finally defeated, and power went to the Elamite Awan dynasty.[10] The Sumerian king Eannatum (c.2500–2400 BCE) of Lagash, then came to dominate the whole region, and established one of the first verifiable empires in history.[11]

The power of Ur would only revive a few centuries later with the Third Dynasty of Ur.[11][12]

List of rulers

[edit]
# Depiction Ruler Succession Epithet Approx. dates Notes
Early Dynastic IIIa period (c. 2600 – c. 2500 BC)
Predynastic Ur (c. 2600 – c. 2500 BC)
A-Imdugud
𒀀𒀭𒅎𒂂 		fl. c. 2600 BC
Ur-Pabilsag
𒌨𒀭𒉺𒉋𒊕 		Son of A-Imdugud (?)[14] d. c. 2550 BC
  • temp. of Ursangpae[15]
  • Known from an inscription fragment bearing the title of, "King of Ur" (found in tomb PG 779 located in the Royal Cemetery at Ur)
# Depiction Ruler Succession Epithet Approx. dates Notes
Early Dynastic IIIb period (c. 2500 – c. 2350 BC)
Akalamdug
𒀀𒌦𒄭 		Son of Meskalamdug (?) reigned c. 2500 BC
  • Son of Meskalamdug (?)
  • temp. of Akurgal[15]
  • Known from dynastic beads and tomb inscriptions bearing the title of, "King of Ur" (found in tomb PG 1332 located in the Royal Cemetery at Ur)
Meskalamdug
𒈩𒌦𒄭 		Son of Akalamdug (?) r. c. 2500 BC
  • Son of Akalamdug (?)
  • temp. of Enakalle[15]
  • Known from dynastic beads and tomb inscriptions bearing the title of, "King of Kish" (found in tomb PG 755 located in the Royal Cemetery at Ur)
Puabi
𒅤𒀜 		m. c. 2500 to Meskalamdug (?)
  • Known from inscriptions bearing the title of, "Queen" (found in tomb PG 800 located in the Royal Cemetery at Ur)
  • She may have ruled in her own right as queen regent

"Then Uruk was defeated and the kingship was taken to Ur."

— SKL
1st Mesannepada
𒈩𒀭𒉌𒅆𒊒𒁕 		Son of Meskalamdug (?) r. c. 2500 BC
(80 years)
  • Son of Meskalamdug (?)
  • temp. of Ur-Lumma[15]
  • Known from the SKL, Tummal Chronicle, and an inscribed seal bearing the title of, "King of Kish" (found in tomb PG 1232/1237 located in the Royal Cemetery at Ur)
2nd Meskiagnun
𒈩𒆠𒉘𒉣 		Son of Mesannepada (?) r. c. 2485 – c. 2450 BC
(30 or 36 years)
  • Son of Mesannepada (?)
  • temp. of Epa'e[15]
  • Said on the SKL to have been the son of Mesannepada and to have held the title of, "King" of not just Ur; but, all of Sumer
  • Known from the Tummal Chronicle his tomb PG 1157 located in the Royal Cemetery at Ur
3rd Elulu
𒂊𒇻𒇻 		r. c. 2445 BC
(25 years)
  • Historicity certain.[15]
  • Said on the SKL to have held the title of "king" of not just Ur; but, all of Sumer.[15]
  • temp. of Lugalanda[15]
4th Balulu
𒁀𒇻𒇻 		Uncertain
(36 years)
  • Historicity uncertain.
  • Known from the SKL; very little otherwise.
  • Said on the SKL to have held the title of "king" of not just Ur; but, all of Sumer.

"4 kings; they ruled for 171 years. Then Ur was defeated and the kingship was taken to Awan."

— SKL
Enshakushanna
𒂗𒊮𒊨𒀭𒈾 		Son of Elulu (?)[15] r. c. 2430 BC
(60 years)
Lugal-kinishe-dudu
𒈗𒆠𒉌𒂠𒌌𒌌 		r. c. 2400 BC
(120 years)
  • Originally from Uruk
  • Held the title of "King of Uruk and Ur"
  • temp. of Enannatum II[15]
Lugal-kisal-si
𒈗𒆦𒋛 		Son of Lugal-kinishe-dudu[15] r. c. 2400 BC
A'annepada
𒀀𒀭𒉌𒅆𒊒𒁕 		Son of Mesannepada Uncertain; this ruler may have r. c. 2500 – c. 2350 BC sometime during the EDIIIb period[15]
  • Son of Mesannepada
  • temp. of Entemena[15]
  • Known from dedication tablets with inscriptions bearing the title "King of Ur" (found in tomb PG 580 located in the Royal Cemetery at Ur)
# Depiction Ruler Succession Epithet Approx. dates Notes
Proto-Imperial period (c. 2350 – c. 2112 BC)
Lunanna Uncertain; this ruler may have r. c. 2350 – c. 2112 BC sometime during the Proto-Imperial period[15]

Sumerian King List

[edit]

Only the final kings of the First Dynasty of Ur, from Mesannepada to Balulu and possibly 4 unnamed kings, are mentioned in the Sumerian King List:[16]

"... Uruk with weapons was struck down, the kingship to Ur was carried off. In Ur Mesannepada was king, 80 years he ruled; Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna, son of Mesannepada, was king, 36 years he ruled; Elulu, 25 years he ruled; Balulu, 36 years he ruled; 4 kings, the years: 171(?) they ruled. Ur with weapons was struck down; the kingship to Awan was carried off.

— Sumerian King List, 137-147.[17]

Artifacts

[edit]
Main article: Royal Cemetery of Ur

The Royal Cemetery of Ur held the tombs of several rulers of the First Dynasty of Ur.[3] The tombs are particularly lavish, and testify to the wealth of the First Dynasty of Ur.[4] One of the most famous tombs is that of Queen Puabi.[4]

  • A gold dagger and a dagger with a gold-plated handle, Ur excavations (1900).
    A gold dagger and a dagger with a gold-plated handle, Ur excavations (1900).
  • Reconstructed Sumerian headgear necklaces found in the tomb of Puabi, housed at the British Museum
    Reconstructed Sumerian headgear necklaces found in the tomb of Puabi, housed at the British Museum
  • Queen's Lyre, one of the Lyres of Ur, Ur Royal Cemetery.
    Queen's Lyre, one of the Lyres of Ur, Ur Royal Cemetery.
  • Cylinder seal of Queen Puabi, found in her tomb. Inscription 𒅤𒀀𒉿 𒊩𒌆Pu-A-Bi-Nin "Queen Puabi".[18][19][20] The last word "𒊩𒌆" can either be pronounced Nin “lady”, or Eresh “queen”.[21]
    Cylinder seal of Queen Puabi, found in her tomb. Inscription 𒅤𒀀𒉿 𒊩𒌆Pu-A-Bi-Nin "Queen Puabi".[18][19][20] The last word "𒊩𒌆" can either be pronounced Nin “lady”, or Eresh “queen”.[21]
  • The Standard of Ur
    The Standard of Ur
  • Ram in a Thicket
    Ram in a Thicket
  • Lyre of a Bull's Head from Queen Puabi's tomb. (British Museum)
    Lyre of a Bull's Head from Queen Puabi's tomb. (British Museum)
  • Nacre plate with anthropomorphic animals, circa 2600 BCE
    Nacre plate with anthropomorphic animals, circa 2600 BCE

See also

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to First Dynasty of Ur.

References

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  1. ^ The Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge University Press. 1970. p. 228. ISBN 9780521070515.
  2. ^ Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East. Infobase Publishing. 2009. p. 664. ISBN 9781438126760.
  3. ^ a b c d e Frayne, Douglas (2008). Pre-Sargonic Period: Early Periods, Volume 1 (2700-2350 BC). University of Toronto Press. pp. 901–902. ISBN 9781442690479.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Diakonoff, I. M. (2013). Early Antiquity. University of Chicago Press. pp. 78–79. ISBN 9780226144672.
  5. ^ "The Sumerians, a non-Semitic people who perhaps came from the east" in Curtis, Adrian (2009). Oxford Bible Atlas. Oxford University Press. p. 16. ISBN 9780191623325.. Mention of Gen 11:2 "And as people migrated from the east, they found a plain in the land of Shinar and settled there." (English Standard Version)
  6. ^ Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (1979). The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 392. ISBN 9780802837813.
  7. ^ a b British Museum notice: "Gold and carnelians beads. The two beads etched with patterns in white were probably imported from the Indus Valley. They were made by a technique developed by the Harappan civilization" Photograph of the necklace in question
  8. ^ a b c British Museum notice "Grave goods from Ur"
  9. ^ McIntosh, Jane (2008). The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives. ABC-CLIO. pp. 182–190. ISBN 9781576079072.
  10. ^ "Then Urim was defeated and the kingship was taken to Awan." in Kriwaczek, Paul (2014). Babylon: Mesopotamia and the Birth of Civilization. Atlantic Books. p. 136. ISBN 9781782395676.
  11. ^ a b Incorporated, Facts On File (2009). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East. Infobase Publishing. p. 664. ISBN 9781438126760.
  12. ^ Knapp, Arthur Bernard (1988). The history and culture of ancient Western Asia and Egypt. Wadsworth. p. 92. ISBN 9780534106454.
  13. ^ Woolley, Leonard; Hall, Henry; Legrain, L. (1900). Ur excavations (Report). Vol. II. Trustees of the British Museum and of the Museum of the University of Pennsylvania by the aid of a grant from the Carnegie Corporation of New York. ISBN 9780598629883. Archived from the original on 2010-07-01.
  14. ^ Aruz, J.; Wallenfels, R. (2003). Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus. Metropolitan Museum of Art Series. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 9780300098839.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Marchesi, Gianni (January 2015). Sallaberger, Walther; Schrakamp, Ingo (eds.). "Toward a Chronology of Early Dynastic Rulers in Mesopotamia". History and Philology (ARCANE 3; Turnhout): 139–156.
  16. ^ "CDLI-Found Texts". cdli.ucla.edu.
  17. ^ "CDLI-Found Texts". cdli.ucla.edu.
  18. ^ British Museum notice WA 121544
  19. ^ Crawford, Harriet (2013). The Sumerian World. Routledge. p. 622. ISBN 9781136219115.
  20. ^ Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and; Hansen, Donald P.; Pittman, Holly (1998). Treasures from the Royal Tombs of Ur. UPenn Museum of Archaeology. p. 78. ISBN 9780924171550.
  21. ^ James, Sharon L.; Dillon, Sheila (2015). A Companion to Women in the Ancient World. John Wiley & Sons. p. 13. ISBN 9781119025542.
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