Rade language
| Rade | |
|---|---|
| Klei Êđê | |
| Native to | Vietnam |
| Ethnicity | Rade |
Native speakers | 180,000 in Vietnam (2007)[1] |
Austronesian
| |
| Latin | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Either:rad – Radeibh – Bih |
| Glottolog | rade1240 Radebiha1246 Bih |
| ELP | Bih |
Rade (Rhade; Rade: klei Êđê; Vietnamese: tiếng Ê-đê or tiếng Ê Đê) is an Austronesian language of southern Vietnam. There may be some speakers in Cambodia. It is a member of the Chamic subgroup, and is closely related to the Cham language of central Vietnam.[2]
Dialects
[edit]Đoàn Văn Phúc (1998:24)[3] lists nine dialects of Rade. They are spoken mostly in Đắk Lắk Province in the Central Highlands region of Vietnam.
- Kpă: spoken throughout Buôn Ma Thuột
- Krung: spoken in Ea H'leo and Krông Năng; some Krung also live among the Jarai in Gia Lai Province
- Adham: spoken in Krông Buk, Krông Năng, and Ea H'leo
- Ktul: spoken in Krông Bông and the southern part of Krông Pắk
- Drao (Kơdrao): spoken in M'Đrăk (in the townships of Krông Jing, Cư M'Ta, and Ea Trang)
- Blô: spoken in M'Đrăk (small population)
- Êpan: spoken in M'Đrăk (small population)
- Mdhur: spoken in Ea Kar and M'Đrăk; also in Gia Lai Province and Phu Yen Province
- Bih: spoken in Krông Ana and in the southern part of Buôn Ma Thuột
Bih, which has about 1,000 speakers, may be a separate language.[4] Tam Nguyen (2015) reported that there are only 10 speakers of Bih out of an ethnic population of about 400 people.[5]
A patrilineal Rade subgroup known as the Hmok or Hmok Pai is found in the Buôn Ma Thuột area (Phạm 2005:212).[6]
Classification
[edit]Đoàn Văn Phúc (1998:23)[3] provides the following classification for the Rade dialects. Đoàn (1998) also provides a 1,000-word vocabulary list for all of the nine Rade dialects.
- Area 1
- Area 1.1: Krung, Kpă, Adham
- Area 1.2: Drao. Êpan, Ktul
- Blô (mixture of areas 1.1 and 1.2, as well as Mdhur)
- Area 2
- Mdhur
- Bih
Đoàn Văn Phúc (1998:23)[3] assigns the following cognacy percentages for comparisons between Kpă and the other eight dialects of Rade, with Bih as the most divergent dialect.
- Kpă – Krung: 85.5%
- Kpă – Adham: 82%
- Kpă – Ktul: 82%
- Kpă – Mdhur: 80%
- Kpă – Blô: 82%
- Kpă – Êpan: 85%
- Kpă – Drao: 81%
- Kpă – Bih: 73%
Vocabulary
[edit]- Khoa sang – the most senior in age and authority
- Dega – Protestant of Christian (single word identity of E-de)[clarification needed]
- Ih – you
- Ung – husband
- Ñu – her/him
- Diñu – they
- Drei – we
- Khăp – love
- Bi êmut – hate
- idai – younger sibling
- amĭ – mom/mother
- yah – grandma/grandmother
- aê – grandma/grandfather
- Ama – father, dad daddy
- Jhat – ugly, bad
- Siam – pretty
- Siam mniê – beautiful girl
- Jăk – good
- Khăp – love
- Brei – give
- Djŏ – true
- Nao – go
- Kâo – I/me
- anăn – name
- Čar – country
- Čiăng – want/like
- Aê Diê – God
- Blŭ – speak
- Klei blŭ – language
- Bur – rice porridge
- Êmŏng – fat
- Êwang – skinny
- Jŭ – black
- Hriê/hrê – to be from
- Mơ̆ng – from
- Sa, dua, tlâo, pă, êma – 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
- Năm, kjuh, sa-băn, dua-păn, pluh: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
- Čar Mi/čar amêrik – America
- Čar Kŭr – Cambodia
- Anak – person
- Hriăm – learn
- Roă/ruă – sound of displeasure/pain
- Ƀuôn Ama Y'Thuôt – Buôn Ma Thuôt[clarification needed]
- Čih – type/write
- Klei Mi – English
- Klei Êđê – Rade/Ede
- loo – A lot
- klei Prăng-xê – French
- mluk-crazy
Phonology
[edit]The spelling is shown in italics.
Vowels
[edit]| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| short | long | short | long | short | long | |
| High | ĭ /i/ | i /iː/ | ư̆ /ɨ/ | ư /ɨː/ | ŭ /u/ | u /uː/ |
| Mid | ê̆ /e/ | ê /eː/ | ơ̆ /ə/ | ơ /əː/ | ô̆ /o/ | ô /oː/ |
| Low | ĕ /ɛ/ | e /ɛː/ | ă /a/ | a /aː/ | ŏ /ɔ/ | o /ɔː/ |
- Vowels /ɨ ɨː, ə əː/ can also be heard as more centralized-back [ɯ̈ ɯ̈ː, ɤ̈ ɤ̈ː].
Consonants
[edit]| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | ñ /ɲ/ | ng /ŋ/ | ||
| Stop | voiceless | p /p/ | t /t/ | č /c/ | k /k/ | /ʔ/ |
| aspirated | ph /pʰ/ | th /tʰ/ | čh /cʰ/ | kh /kʰ/ | ||
| voiced | b /b/ | d /d/ | j /ɟ/ | g /ɡ/ | ||
| implosive | ƀ /ɓ/ | đ /ɗ/ | dj /ʄ/ | |||
| Fricative | s /s/ | h /h/ | ||||
| Approximant | w /w/ | l /l/ | y /j/ | |||
| Rhotic | r /r/ | |||||
- /w/ can also be heard as a more bilabial [β̞].
- Glottalized final consonant sounds /wʔ, jʔ, jh/ are heard only in final position.[7]
References
[edit]- ^ Rade at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Bih at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) - ^ "Rade (klei Êđê)". Omniglot.
- ^ a b c Đoàn, Văn Phúc (1998). Từ vựng các phương ngữ Êđê / Lexique des dialectes Êđê [Vocabulary of Rade Dialects] (in Vietnamese). Hanoi: Đại học quốc gia Hà Nội and École française d'Extrême-Orient.
- ^ Nguyen, Tam (2013). A Grammar of Bih (PhD thesis). University of Oregon. hdl:1794/12996.
- ^ Nguyen, Tam (2015). Language Endangerment Factors: A Case Study with Bih. Paper presented at SoLE-4, Payap University.
- ^ Phâm, Côn Sơn (2005). Non nước Việt Nam: sắc nét trung bộ (in Vietnamese). Hanoi: Phương Đông Publishers.
- ^ Đoàn 1993.
Further reading
[edit]- Đoàn, Văn Phúc (1993). Ngữ âm tiếng Êđê [Ede language phonetics] (in Vietnamese). Hà Nội.
- Sở giáo dục và đào tạo tỉnh Đắk Lắk – Viện ngôn ngữ học Việt Nam (2012). Ngữ pháp tiếng Êđê [Ede Grammar] (in Vietnamese). Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản giáo dục Việt Nam.
- Ủy ban nhân dân tỉnh Đăk Lăk – Sở giáo dục – Đào tạo – Viện ngôn ngữ học Việt Nam (1993). Từ điển Việt – Êđê [Vietnamese – Rade Dictionary] (in Vietnamese). Đăk Lăk: Nhà xuất bản giáo dục.
- Linh, Nga Niê Kdam (2013). Nghệ thuật diễn xướng dân gian Ê Đê, Bih ở Dăk Lăk [Rade and Bih Folk Performing Arts in Dak Lak] (in Vietnamese). Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản Thời Đại. ISBN 978-604-930-599-3.
- Tharp, James A.; Buon-ya, Y.-Bham (1980). A Rhade–English Dictionary with English-Rhade Finderlist. Pacific Linguistics Series C – No. 58. Canberra: The Australian National University. doi:10.15144/PL-C58. hdl:1885/144435. ISBN 978-0-85883-217-6.
External links
[edit]
- Alphabet and pronunciation
- ELAR archive of Documenting Bih
- Waddington, Ray. "Indigenous Peoples of the World – The Ede". www.peoplesoftheworld.org. Retrieved 2019-11-21.