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Peltigera

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Peltigera
Peltigera canina
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Peltigerales
Family: Peltigeraceae
Genus: Peltigera
Willd. (1787)
Type species
Peltigera canina
(L.) Willd. (1787)
Synonyms[1]
  • Antilyssa Haller ex M.Choisy (1929)
  • Byrsalis Neck. ex Kremp. (1869)
  • Chloropeltigera (Gyeln.) Gyeln. (1934)
  • Chloropeltis Clem. (1909)
  • Hydrothyria J.L.Russell (1856)
  • Peltidea Ach. (1803)
  • Peltideomyces E.A.Thomas (1939)
  • Peltigera sect. Chloropeltigera Gyeln. (1932)
  • Peltigeromyces E.A.Thomas ex Cif. & Tomas. (1953)
  • Peltophora Clem. (1909)
  • Placodion P.Browne ex Adans. (1763)

Peltigera is a genus of approximately 100 species of foliose lichens in the family Peltigeraceae.[2] Commonly known as the dog or pelt lichens, species of Peltigera are often terricolous (growing on soil), but can also occur on moss, trees, rocks, and many other substrates in many parts of the world.[3]

Most species of Peltigera have the cyanobacterium Nostoc as the dominant photobiont but some have the algae Coccomyxa. The presence of both a green alga and a cyanobacterium makes some tripartite; in this case they show cephalodium growths containing the third partner, Nostoc. Because of their ability to fix nitrogen from the atmosphere, such lichens are influential in soil composition and generation.

Description

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Species of Peltigera are foliose, with broad lobed thalli. Although the size of the thalli is variable and species-dependent, in some species the thalli can grow quite large, up to 30 cm in diameter.[4] The color of the upper surface may range from drab gray, brown or greenish. Lower surfaces are typically without a cortex (unlike other foliose lichens),[5] and cottony, often with fungal hyphae fused to form a network of veins. The reproductive structures isidia, soredia or lobules may be present in some species.[6] All species of Peltigera associate with the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria Nostoc.[7]

Peltigera can be distinguished from the equally large and leaf-like lichen, Nephroma, by its veined lower cortex; Nephroma, by contrast, has a smooth, unveined lower cortex.[8]

Habitat

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Peltigera are mainly ground-dwelling, but can also be found on mosses or dead wood.[8] Some species are used as forest succession indicators.

Taxonomy

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In 1753, Linnaeus first described the species Lichen apthosus and L. caninus back when all known lichens were grouped into the genus Lichen.[9] Later, in 1787, Willdenow circumscribed the genus Peltigera, and redescribed P. aphthosa and P. canina.[10]

The generic name is derived from the Latin language pelta (small shield), and refers to the shield-shaped thallus in these species. The common name, the dog lichen, refers to the perceived resemblance of P. caninus to a dog.[11]

Phylogeny

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In a comparative analysis of both morphological and chemical characteristics as well as sequences of large subunit nuclear ribosomal DNA, it was shown that the genus Peltigera is monophyletic.[12] Several species, such as P. canina, have been changed to a group as there appears to be several species clustered under a single name.

Recent taxonomic work has led to the consolidation of three previously recognized aquatic Peltigera species (P. hydrothyria, P. gowardii, and P. aquatica) into a single species with three varieties. According to Bruce McCune and Daphne Stone (2022), while molecular analysis showed three distinct genetic clades, maintaining them as separate species proved impractical for conservation and research purposes. This was because P. gowardii and P. aquatica, which occur together in western North America, are indistinguishable without DNA sequencing. The difficulty in identifying specimens to species level effectively stalled data collection, with most specimens remaining classified only as P. hydrothyria sensu lato. To resolve this issue while preserving information about genetic diversity, the three taxa were reclassified as P. hydrothyria var. hydrothyria (eastern North America), P. hydrothyria var. gowardii (western), and P. hydrothyria var. aquatica (western). This taxonomic solution allows for practical field identification while still acknowledging the genetic differences between populations.[13]

Distribution

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The Peltigera have a widespread distribution, and are found on all continents. There are 34 North American species, 30 European species, 25 species from South America, and 16 species from New Zealand.[3][4][14][15] There are 27 Peltigera species that have been recorded from China.[16]

Species

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Peltigera aphthosa
Peltigera cinnamomea
Peltigera hydrothyria var. gowardii
Peltigera leucophlebia
Peltigera malacea
Peltigera membranacea

Uses

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Peltigera species have been used historically to treat wounds, urinary disorders, thrush, tuberculosis, and rabies.[11][39][40] P. apthosa was used as a remedy for cough[41] and infantile aphthae.[42] P. furfuracea has shown potent antioxidant activity and reducing power.[43] Similarly, Peltigera specimens from Hawaii and Iceland have also been reported to show pronounced antioxidant activity.[44]

Food source

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Although a few reports have described caribou and reindeer feeding on the thalli of Peltigera,[45] in general, species of Peltigera are not commonly used as a food source by mammals.[46][47] A study of the grazing habits of the land snails Cantareus aspersa and Limax species revealed that these snails prefer to eat Peltigera species (such as P. praetextata) that are lacking in secondary metabolites.[48]

Bioactive compounds

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Peltigera leucophlebia contains the compounds tenuiorin and methyl orsellinate, which are inhibitory to the enzyme 15-lipoxygenase.[49] Tenuiorin is also known to occur in P. apthosa, P. malacea and P. neckeri.[50] A mixture of methyl and ethyl orsellinates have been identified from P. aphthosa that had antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria.[51] The novel non-protein amino acids solorinine and peltigerine have been detected in various species of Peltigera.[52]

References

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  1. ^ "Synonymy: Peltigera Willd". Species Fungorum. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
  2. ^ Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, LKT; Dolatabadi, S; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8. hdl:10481/61998.
  3. ^ a b Martinez I, Burgaz AR, Vitikainen O, Escudero A (2003). "Distribution patterns in the genus Peltigera Willd". The Lichenologist. 35 (4): 301–323. doi:10.1016/S0024-2829(03)00041-0.
  4. ^ a b Vitikainen O. (1994). (1998). Taxonomic notes on neotropical species of Pelitgera. In: Lichenology in Latin America: history, current knowledge and applications. Edited by M. P. Marcelli, and M.R.D. Seaward. CETESB, Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental, Estado de Sao Paulo. pp. 135-139.
  5. ^ Fioliose lichens, Lichen Thallus Types, Allan Silverside
  6. ^ Geiser, Linda; McCune, Bruce (1997). Macrolichens of the Pacific Northwest. Corvallis: Oregon State University Press. p. 198. ISBN 0-87071-394-9.
  7. ^ O'Brien, Heath E.; Miadlikowska, Jolanta; Lutzoni, François (2005). "Assessing host specialization in symbiotic cyanobacteria associated with four closely related species of the lichen fungus Peltigera". European Journal of Phycology. 40 (4): 363–378. doi:10.1080/09670260500342647.
  8. ^ a b "CNALH - Peltigera". lichenportal.org. Retrieved 2021-03-22.
  9. ^ Linnaeus C. (1753). Species plantarum. Stockholm.
  10. ^ Willdenow 1787
  11. ^ a b Sharnoff, Stephen; Brodo, Irwin M.; Sharnoff, Sylvia Duran (2001). Lichens of North America. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-08249-5.
  12. ^ Miadlikowska J, Lutzoni F (2004). "Phylogenetic classification of peltigeralean fungi (Peltigerales, Ascomycota) based on ribosomal RNA small and large subunits" (PDF). American Journal of Botany. 91 (3): 449–464. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.3.449. PMID 21653401. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-06-26.
  13. ^ McCune, Bruce; Stone, Daphne F. (2022). "Eight new combinations of North American macrolichens". Evansia. 39 (3): 123–128. doi:10.1639/0747-9859-39.3.123.
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  16. ^ a b Han, Liu-Fu; Zheng, Tian-Xin; Guo, Shou-Yu (2015). "A new species in the lichen genus Peltigera from northern China based on morphology and DNA sequence data". The Bryologist. 118 (1): 46–53. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-118.1.046.
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  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Magain, N.; Miadlikowska, J.; Goffinet, B.; Goward, T.; Pardo-De la Hoz, C.J.; Jüriado, I.; Simon, A.; Mercado-Díaz, J.A.; Barlow, T.; Moncada, B.; Lücking, R.; Spielmann, A.; Canez, L.; Wang, L.S.; Nelson, P.; Wheeler, T.; Lutzoni, F.; Sérusiaux, E. (2023). "High species richness in the lichen genus Peltigera (Ascomycota, Lecanoromycetes): 34 species in the dolichorhizoid and scabrosoid clades of section Polydactylon, including 24 new to science". Persoonia. 51: 1–88. doi:10.3767/persoonia.2023.51.01.
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  27. ^ Manoharan-Basil, Sheeba S.; Miadlikowska, Jolanta; Goward, Trevor; Andrésson, Ólafur S.; Miao, Vivian P.W. (2016). "Peltigera islandica, a new cyanolichen species in section Peltigera ('P. canina group')". The Lichenologist. 48 (5): 451–467. doi:10.1017/S0024282916000414.
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  29. ^ Dodge, C.W.; Rudolph, E.D. (1955). "Lichenological notes on the flora of the Antarctic Continent and the subantarctic islands. I-IV". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 42 (2): 131–149.
  30. ^ Holtan-Hartwig, J. (2005). "Peltigera latiloba, a new lichen species from Norway and USA (Alaska)". Graphis Scripta. 17 (2): 34–34.
  31. ^ Han, Liu-Fu; Xu, X.M.; Yang, J.Y.; Guo, SY. (2018). "Peltigera neodegenii sp. nov. from Central China". Mycotaxon. 133 (2): 323–332.
  32. ^ Goffinet, B.; Miadlikowska, J. (1999). "Peltigera phyllidiosa (Peltigeraceae, Ascomycotina), a new species from the Southern Appalachians corroborated by ITS sequences". The Lichenologist. 31 (3): 247–256.
  33. ^ Magain, Nicolas; Sérusiaux, Emmanuël; Zhurbenko, Mikhail P.; Lutzoni, François; Miądlikowska, Jolanta (2016). "Disentangling the Peltigera polydactylon species complex by recognizing two new taxa, P. polydactylon subsp. udeghe and P. seneca". Herzogia. 29 (2): 514–528. doi:10.13158/heia.29.2.2016.514.
  34. ^ Magain, Nicolas; Goffinet, Bernard; Simon, Antoine; Seelan, Jaya Seelan Sathiya; Medeiros, Ian Daniel; Lutzoni, François; Miadlikowska, Jolanta (2020). "Peltigera serusiauxii (Lecanoromycetes, Ascomycota), a new species from Papua New Guinea and Malaysia". Plant and Fungal Systematics. 65 (1): 139–146. doi:10.35535/pfsyst-2020-0009.
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  38. ^ Han, Liu-Fu; Zhang, Ya-Ya; Guo, Shou-Yu (2013). "Peltigera wulingensis, a new lichen (Ascomycota) from north China". The Lichenologist. 45 (3): 329–336. doi:10.1017/s0024282912000837.
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  49. ^ Ingólfsdóttir K, Gudmundsdóttir GF, Ogmundsdóttir HM, Paulus K, Haraldsdóttir S, Kristinsson H, Bauer R (2002). "Effects of tenuiorin and methyl orsellinate from the lichen Peltigera leucophlebia on 5-/15-lipoxygenases and proliferation of malignant cell lines in vitro". Phytomedicine. 9 (7): 654–658. doi:10.1078/094471102321616481. PMID 12487331.
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  52. ^ Matsubara, Hideki; Kinoshita, Yasuhiro; Yamamoto, Yoshikazu; Kurokawa, Teiko; Yoshimura, Isao; Takahashi, Kunio (1999). "Distribution of new quaternary ammonium compounds, solorinine and peltigerine, in the Peltigerales". The Bryologist. 102 (2): 196–199. doi:10.2307/3244359. JSTOR 3244359.

Further reading

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Gilbert, O. Lichens Naturally Scottish. 2004. Scottish Natural Heritage. ISBN 1-85397-373-4

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