Parablepharismea

Parablepharismea
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Clade:	Diaphoretickes
Clade:	SAR
Clade:	Alveolata
Phylum:	Ciliophora
Subphylum:	Intramacronucleata
Class:	Parablepharismea; Rotterová et al., 2020
Order:	Parablepharismida; Rotterová et al., 2020
Family:	Parablepharismidae; Campello-Nunes et al., 2020
Genera
	Kahlium; Parablepharisma;

Parablepharismea is a class of free-living marine and brackish anaerobic ciliates^[1] that form a major clade of obligate anaerobes within the SAL group (Spirotrichea, Armophorea, and Litostomatea), together with the classes Muranotrichea and Armophorea.

Parablepharismea are medium to large, elongated ciliates with navicular outline and holotrichous somatic ciliature composed of dikinetids without postciliodesmata.^[2]^[1] Their oral ciliature is composed of bipartite paroral membrane and adoral zone of membranelles. They host a thick coat of prokaryotic ectosymbionts and cytoplasmic endosymbionts. They are found in micro-oxic marine to brackish habitats.

Parablepharismea may be related to the deep sea Cariacotrichea ciliates.^[3]^[2]^[1]

This class contains a single order, Parablepharismida,^[1] and family Parablepharismidae.^[2] The genus Parablepharisma^[4]^[5] includes five species. The genus Kahlium includes a single species K. chlamydophorum with segmented paroral area and a twisted posterior.^[2]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Rotterová, Johana; Salomaki, Eric; Pánek, Tomáš; Bourland, William; Žihala, David; Táborský, Petr; Edgcomb, Virginia P.; Beinart, Roxanne A.; Kolísko, Martin; Čepička, Ivan (April 2020). "Genomics of New Ciliate Lineages Provides Insight into the Evolution of Obligate Anaerobiosis". Current Biology. 30 (11): 2037–2050.e6. Bibcode:2020CBio...30E2037R. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.03.064. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 32330419. S2CID 216095971.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Campello-Nunes, Pedro H.; Fernandes, Noemi M.; Szokoli, Franziska; Fokin, Sergei I.; Serra, Valentina; Modeo, Letizia; Petroni, Giulio; Soares, Carlos A. G.; Paiva, Thiago da S.; Silva-Neto, Inácio D. da (2020-04-01). "Parablepharisma (Ciliophora) is not a Heterotrich: A Phylogenetic and Morphological Study with the Proposal of New Taxa". Protist. 171 (2): 125716. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2020.125716. ISSN 1434-4610. PMID 32086115. S2CID 211246127.
^ Orsi, William; Edgcomb, Virginia; Faria, Jose; Foissner, Wilhelm; Fowle, William H.; Hohmann, Tine; Suarez, Paula; Taylor, Craig; Taylor, Gordon T.; Vd'ačný, Peter; Epstein, Slava S. (2012). "Class Cariacotrichea, a novel ciliate taxon from the anoxic Cariaco Basin, Venezuela". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 62 (6): 1425–1433. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.034710-0. ISSN 1466-5026. PMID 21841005.
^ Kahl, Alfred (1932). Urtiere oder Protozoa I: Wimpertiere oder Ciliata (Infusoria). Tierwelt. Die Tierwelt und der angrenzenden Meeresteile. Jena, Germany: Fischer. pp. 398 pages.
^ Jankowski, A. W. (2007). Handbook on Zoology, Phylum Ciliophora Doflein, 1901 Alimov, AF, editor. Protista, Part 2. St. Petersburg, Russia: Nauka. pp. 415–993.

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[:0-1] Rotterová, Johana; Salomaki, Eric; Pánek, Tomáš; Bourland, William; Žihala, David; Táborský, Petr; Edgcomb, Virginia P.; Beinart, Roxanne A.; Kolísko, Martin; Čepička, Ivan (April 2020). "Genomics of New Ciliate Lineages Provides Insight into the Evolution of Obligate Anaerobiosis". Current Biology. 30 (11): 2037–2050.e6. Bibcode:2020CBio...30E2037R. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.03.064. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 32330419. S2CID 216095971.

[:1-2] Campello-Nunes, Pedro H.; Fernandes, Noemi M.; Szokoli, Franziska; Fokin, Sergei I.; Serra, Valentina; Modeo, Letizia; Petroni, Giulio; Soares, Carlos A. G.; Paiva, Thiago da S.; Silva-Neto, Inácio D. da (2020-04-01). "Parablepharisma (Ciliophora) is not a Heterotrich: A Phylogenetic and Morphological Study with the Proposal of New Taxa". Protist. 171 (2): 125716. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2020.125716. ISSN 1434-4610. PMID 32086115. S2CID 211246127.

[3] Orsi, William; Edgcomb, Virginia; Faria, Jose; Foissner, Wilhelm; Fowle, William H.; Hohmann, Tine; Suarez, Paula; Taylor, Craig; Taylor, Gordon T.; Vd'ačný, Peter; Epstein, Slava S. (2012). "Class Cariacotrichea, a novel ciliate taxon from the anoxic Cariaco Basin, Venezuela". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 62 (6): 1425–1433. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.034710-0. ISSN 1466-5026. PMID 21841005.

[4] Kahl, Alfred (1932). Urtiere oder Protozoa I: Wimpertiere oder Ciliata (Infusoria). Tierwelt. Die Tierwelt und der angrenzenden Meeresteile. Jena, Germany: Fischer. pp. 398 pages.

[5] Jankowski, A. W. (2007). Handbook on Zoology, Phylum Ciliophora Doflein, 1901 Alimov, AF, editor. Protista, Part 2. St. Petersburg, Russia: Nauka. pp. 415–993.

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