Muisca calendar

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The Muisca calendar was a lunisolar calendar used by the Muisca. The calendar was composed of a complex combination of months and three types of years were used; rural years (according to Pedro Simón, Chibcha: chocan),^[1] holy years (Duquesne, Spanish: acrótomo),^[2] and common years (Duquesne, Chibcha: zocam).^[3] Each month consisted of thirty days and the common year of twenty months, as twenty was the 'perfect' number of the Muisca, representing the total of extremeties; fingers and toes. The rural year usually contained twelve months, but one leap month was added. This month (Spanish: mes sordo; "deaf month") represented a month of rest. The holy year completed the full cycle with 37 months.

The Muisca, inhabiting the central highlands of the Colombian Andes (Altiplano Cundiboyacense), used one (arranged by Bochica^[4]) of the advanced calendrical systems of Pre-Columbian America,^[5] the others being the Incan and Maya calendars, and the ones used by other Mesoamericans including the Aztecs.

Important Muisca scholars who have brought the knowledge of the Muisca calendar and their counting system to Europe were Spanish conquistador Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada who encountered Muisca territory in 1537, Bernardo de Lugo (1619),^[6] Pedro Simón in the 17th century and Alexander von Humboldt and José Domingo Duquesne published their findings in the late 18th and early 19th century.^[4][7][8][9] At the end of the 19th century, Vicente Restrepo wrote a critical review of the work of Duquesne.^[10]

21st century researchers are Javier Ocampo López^[11] and Manuel Arturo Izquierdo Peña, anthropologist who published his MSc. thesis on the Muisca calendar.^[12]

The Muisca used a vigesimal counting system and counted with their fingers. Their system went from 1 to 10 and for higher numerations they used the prefix quihicha or qhicha, which means "foot" in their Chibcha language Muysccubun. Eleven became thus "foot one", twelve "foot two", etc. As in the other pre-Columbian civilizations, the number 20 was special. It was the total number of all body extremities; fingers and toes. The Muisca used two forms to express twenty: "foot ten"; quihícha ubchihica or their exclusive word gueta, derived from gue, which means "house". Numbers between 20 and 30 were counted gueta asaqui ata ("twenty plus one"; 21), gueta asaqui ubchihica ("twenty plus ten"; 30). Larger numbers were counted as multiples of twenty; gue-bosa ("20 times 2"; 40), gue-hisca ("20 times 5"; 100).^[4] The Muisca script consisted of hieroglyphs, only used for numerals.^[13] There is doubt as to the whether or not the document reporting the existence of this hieroglyphic numerical system is to be believed, as it is only primary source attesting this system.^[13]

Number	Humboldt, 1878[4]	De Lugo, 1619[6]	Muisca hieroglyphs[14]
1	ata
2	bozha / bosa	boʒha
3	mica
4	mhuyca / muyhica	mhuɣcâ
5	hicsca / hisca	hɣcſcâ
6	ta
7	qhupqa / cuhupqua	qhûpqâ
8	shuzha / suhuza	shûʒhâ
9	aca
10	hubchibica / ubchihica	hubchìhicâ
20	quihicha ubchihica gueta	qhicħâ hubchìhicâ guêata

To name the days and months the Muisca did not use numbers higher than 10, except gueta for their perfect number of 20. Instead, they named the 11th month just like the 1st; ata. Same for the other months and days until 19. That rather confusing system made it difficult to distinguish the 21st month from the 1st or 11th, but their naming of the three different years solved this.

The calculation of time in the Muisca calendar was a complex combination of different time spans, which describe periods that extends from weeks to years, centuries and even higher time spans. The day was defined by the daily solar cycle, whereas the month was defined, depending on the context, by both the synodical and the sidereal lunar cycles.^[15] Different scholars have described variation of weeks (3, 10 or 15 days), years (rural, common and holy) centuries (common and holy) and eventually, higher periods of time as the Bxogonoa.

The Muisca called "day" sua (the word for "Sun") and "night" za. The priests had divided a day in four parts:^[16] suamena (from sunrise to mid-day), suameca (from mid-day to sunset), zasca was the time from sunset to midnight and chaqüi the time from midnight to sunrise.^[17]

About the configuration of the weeks in the Muisca calendar different chroniclers show various subdivisions. Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada describes a month of 30 days comprising three weeks of ten days,^[18] Pedro Simón stated the Muisca had a month composed of two weeks of 15 days^[19] and José Domingo Duquesne and Javier Ocampo López wrote the Muisca week had just three days, with ten weeks in a month.^[19][20] Izquierdo suggests, however, that the concept for a standardized week was alien to the Muisca indeed, who instead organized the days of the month in terms of the varying activities of their social life.^[21]

The Muisca, like the Incas in the Central Andes, very probably took notice of the difference between the synodic month (29 days, 12 hours, 44 minutes); the time between two full Moons, and the sidereal month (27 days, 7 hours, 43 minutes); the time it takes for the Moon to reach the same position with respect to the stars.^[15]

The Muisca word for year was zocam, which is always used in combination with a number: zocam ata, "year one", zocam bosa, "year two". Following the works of Duquesne, three types of years were used; Rural years, Common years and Priest's years. The years were composed of different sets of months:

• The Rural Year contained 12 synodic months,
• The Priest's Year composed of 37 synodic months, or 12 + 12 + 13 synodic months (the 13th was a leap month, called "deaf" in Spanish),
• The Common Year composed by 20 months, making a full common Muisca year 600 days or 1.64 times a Gregorian year.^[8][22] Izquierdo suggests, however, that this year, unlike the Rural and the Priest's years, was based on the sidereal lunar cycle.^[23]

According to Duquesne, the Muisca devised a Priest's Century by scaling up The Priest's Year by gueta (20 times 37 months; 740) which approximately equals 60 Gregorian years.^[22][24] The same scholar referred to a Common Century (siglo vulgar) comprising 20 times 20 months.^[25] Pedro Simón's differences on the accounts of the mythical arrival of Bochica to the Muisca territory brings clues about the nature of the Priest's Century. According Simón, the century (edad) corresponded to 70 (setenta) years, however, Izquierdo suggests that such a value is typo of 60 (sesenta) years, which is a value that better matches the entire calendar's description.^[26] Besides the centuries, the chronicles describe further periods of time: the Astronomical Revolution as called by Duquesne, corresponds to 5 Priest's Years or 185 synodical months, thus comprising a quarter of a Priest's Century. Simón describes also an additional time period named the Bxogonoa which corresponds to 5 Priest's Centuries. Again, both Duquesne and Humboldt describe another time span, the Dream of Bochica which accounted for 100 Priest's Centuries, which correspond to 2000 Priest's Years or 5978 Gregorian years.^[27] After the analysis of all these many units of time, Izquierdo proposed a hierarchical organization where these periods are the product of multiplying the months of The Priest's Year by both 5 and the first three powers of 20:^[27]

First order		Second order		Third order
Time period	Synodical months	Time period	Synodical months	Time period	Synodical months
Priest's year	${\displaystyle 37\times 20^{0}=\ \ 37}$	Priest's Century	${\displaystyle 37\times 20^{1}=\ \ 740}$	Arrival of Bochica	${\displaystyle 37\times 20^{2}=14800}$
Astronomical Revolution	${\displaystyle 5\times 37\times 20^{0}=185}$	Bxogonoa	${\displaystyle 5\times 37\times 20^{1}=3700}$	Dream of Bochica	${\displaystyle 5\times 37\times 20^{2}=74000}$

To name the months, the Muisca did not use higher numbers than 10, except for the 20th month, indicated with the 'perfect' number gueta. The calendar table shows the different sets of zocam ("years") with the sets of months, as published by Alexander von Humboldt.^[8] The meaning of each month has been described by Duquesne in 1795 and summarized by Izquierdo Peña in 2009.^[28]

Gregorian year 12 months	Month 30 days	Rural year 12 or 13 months	Common year 20 months	Holy year 37 months	Symbols; "meanings" - activities
1	1	Ata	Ata	Ata	Jumping toad; "start of the year"
	2			Bosa	Nose and nostrils
	3			Mica	Open eyes and nose; "to look for", "to find"
	4			Muyhica	Two closed eyes; "black thing", "to grow"
	5			Hisca	Two fingers together; "green thing", "to enjoy"
	6			Ta	Stick and cord; "sowing" - harvest
	7			Cuhupqua	Two ears covered; "deaf person"
	8			Suhuza	Tail; "to spread"
	9			Aca	Toad with tail connected to other toad; "the goods"
	10			Ubchihica	Ear; "shining Moon", "to paint"
	11			Ata
	12			Bosa
2	13	Bosa		Mica
	14			Muyhica
	15			Hisca
	16			Ta
	17			Cuhupqua
	18			Suhuza	harvest
	19			Aca
	20			Gueta	Lying or stretched toad; "sowing field", "to touch"
	21		Bosa	Ata
	22			Bosa
	23			Mica
	24			Muyhica
3	25	Mica		Hisca
	26			Ta
	27			Cuhupqua
	28			Suhuza
	29			Aca
	30			Ubchihica	harvest
	31			Ata
	32			Bosa
	33			Mica
	34			Muyhica
	35			Hisca
	36			Ta	Embolismic month
4	37	Deaf month		Chuhupqua	End of the holy year; full cycle

The Gregorian month of December was a month of celebrations with yearly feasts, especially in Sugamuxi called huan, according to Pedro Simón.^[29]

The archeological evidence for the Muisca calendar and its use is found in ceramics, textiles, spindles, petroglyphs, sites and stones.^[30]

Important findings are:

• Choachí Stone, found in the first half of the 20th century in the municipality of Choachí may represent a calculator to convert the different parts of the complex Muisca calendar^[31][32]
• Ceremonial flute (fotuto ceremonial), decorated flute made of a marine snail shell, found in Socorro, Santander, located in the Archeology Museum Sogamoso^[33]
• Decorated textile, found in Belén, Boyacá and located in the museum of Pasca, regarded as a "Muisca codex"^[34]
• El Infiernito, astronomical site of the Muisca near Villa de Leyva^[35]
• Jaboque, in this humedal ancient menhirs were found, indicating an astronomical knowledge of the Muisca^[36]

• Maya calendar
• Aztec calendar
• Inca calendar
• Muisca astronomy, agriculture, numerals

• Acosta, Joaquín (1848), Compendio histórico del descubrimiento y colonización de la Nueva Granada en el siglo décimo sexto [Historical overview of discovery and colonization of New Granada in the sixteenth century], Paris: Beau Press, pp. 1–460, OCLC 23030434, retrieved 2016-07-08
• Duquesne, José Domingo (1795), Disertación sobre el calendario de los muyscas, indios naturales de este Nuevo Reino de Granada - Dissertation about the Muisca calendar, indigenous people of this New Kingdom of Granada (PDF) (in Spanish), pp. 1–17, retrieved 2016-07-08
• Humboldt, Alexander von (1878), "VI", Sitios de las Cordilleras y monumentos de los pueblos indígenas de América - Calendario de los indios muiscas - Parte 1 - Views of the Cordilleras and Monuments of the Indigenous Peoples of the Americas - Muisca calendar - Part 1 (in Spanish), Biblioteca Luis Ángel Arango, retrieved 2016-07-08
• Humboldt, Alexander von (1878), "VI", Sitios de las Cordilleras y monumentos de los pueblos indígenas de América - Calendario de los indios muiscas - Parte 2 [Views of the Cordilleras and Monuments of the Indigenous Peoples of the Americas - Muisca calendar - Part 2] (in Spanish), Biblioteca Luis Ángel Arango, retrieved 2016-07-08
• Humboldt, Alexander von (1878), "VI", Sitios de las Cordilleras y monumentos de los pueblos indígenas de América - Calendario de los indios muiscas - Parte 3 [Views of the Cordilleras and Monuments of the Indigenous Peoples of the Americas - Muisca calendar - Part 3] (in Spanish), Biblioteca Luis Ángel Arango, retrieved 2016-07-08
• Izquierdo Peña, Manuel Arturo (2014), Calendario Muisca - Muisca calendar (video) (in Spanish), retrieved 2016-07-08
• Izquierdo Peña, Manuel Arturo (2009), The Muisca Calendar: An approximation to the timekeeping system of the ancient native people of the northeastern Andes of Colombia (PhD), Université de Montréal, pp. 1–170, arXiv:0812.0574
• Ocampo López, Javier (2007), Grandes culturas indígenas de América - Great indigenous cultures of the Americas (in Spanish), Bogotá, Colombia: Plaza & Janes Editores Colombia S.A., pp. 1–238, ISBN 978-958-14-0368-4
• Restrepo, Vicente (1892), Crítica de los trabajos arqueológicos del Dr. José Domingo Duquesne - Review of the archeological works of Dr. José Domingo Duquesne (PDF) (in Spanish), Bogotá, Colombia, pp. 1–44, retrieved 2016-07-08{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Archived 2021-09-19 at the Wayback Machine