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Moses Hess

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Moses Hess
Daguerrotype of Moses Hess in 1870.
Born(1812-01-21)21 January 1812[1]
Bonn, French Empire (Now Germany)
Died6 April 1875(1875-04-06) (aged 63)[2]
Paris, France
EducationUniversity of Bonn (withdrew)
Notable workRome and Jerusalem: The Last National Question
SpouseSibylle Pesch
Main interests
Socialism
Notable ideas
Labor Zionism

Moses (Moritz)[2] Hess (21 January 1812 – 6 April 1875)[1] was a German-Jewish philosopher, early communist and Zionist thinker.[3] His theories led to disagreements with Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.[4] He is considered a pioneer of Labor Zionism.[3]

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Biography

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Moses Hess was born in Bonn,[1] which was under French rule at the time. In his French-language birth certificate, his name is given as "Moïse"; he was named after his maternal grandfather.[5]: 7  His father was an ordained rabbi, but never practiced this profession.[5] Hess received a Jewish religious education from his grandfather, and later studied philosophy at the University of Bonn, but never graduated.[2]

Stamps with inscribed portraits, including Moses Hess, ca. 1916. In the collection of the Jewish Museum of Switzerland.

He married a poor Catholic seamstress, Sibylle Pesch, "in order to redress the injustice perpetrated by society". Although they remained happily married until Hess' death,[2] Sibylle may have had an affair with Friedrich Engels while he was smuggling her from Belgium to France to be reunited with her husband. Sibylle, however, claimed the relationship was non-consensual and accused Engels of rape.[6] The incident may have precipitated Hess' split from the communist movement.[7]

Hess was an early proponent of socialism, and a precursor to what would later be called Zionism.[8] As a correspondent for the Rheinische Zeitung, a radical newspaper founded by liberal Rhenish businessmen, he lived in Paris. He was a friend and important collaborator of Karl Marx, who was the editor of the Rheinische Zeitung, following his advice, and befriended also with Friedrich Engels.[9] Hess initially introduced Engels to communism, through his theoretical approach.[9]

Marx, Engels and Hess took refuge in Brussels, Belgium, in 1845, and used to live in the same street. By the end of the decade, Marx and Engels had fallen out with Hess.[9] The work of Hess was also criticized in part of The German Ideology by Marx and Engels.[4]

Hess fled to Switzerland temporarily following the suppression of the 1848 commune. He would also go abroad during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871. During the 1850s Hess immersed himself into studying the natural sciences and gaining, in an autodidactic fashion, a scientific foundation for his thoughts.[10]

Hess died in Paris in 1875. A non-religious ceremony was held in which he was eulogized by representatives of French radical democrats, German socialists, and the German workers in Paris.[11] As he requested, he was buried in the Jewish cemetery of Cologne. In 1961, he was re-interred in the Kinneret Cemetery in Israel along with other Socialist-Zionists such as Nachman Syrkin, Ber Borochov, and Berl Katznelson.

Moshav Kfar Hess was named in his honour.

Portrait of Moses Hess in 1846.
Hess's first grave in Cologne

Views and opinions

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Hess became reluctant to base all history on economic causes and class struggle (as Marx and Engels did), and he came to see the struggle of races, or nationalities, as the prime factor of history.

According to George Lichtheim, Hess, who differed from Marx on a number of issues, still testified in a letter to Alexander Herzen that what he and Herzen were writing about "resembles a neat sketch drawn on paper, whereas Marx's judgment upon these events [European upheavals] is as it were engraved with iron force in the rock of time" (Paraphrased by George Lichtheim, A Short History of Socialism, 1971 p. 80).

From 1861 to 1863, he lived in Germany, where he became acquainted with the rising tide of German antisemitism. It was then that he reverted to his Jewish name Moses (after going by Moritz Hess)[2][12] in protest against Jewish assimilation. He published Rome and Jerusalem in 1862. Hess interprets history as a circle of race and national struggles. He contemplated the rise of Italian nationalism and the German reaction to it, and from this he arrived at the idea of Jewish national revival, and at his prescient understanding that the Germans would not be tolerant of the national aspirations of others and would be particularly intolerant of the Jews. His book calls for the establishment of a Jewish socialist commonwealth in Palestine, in line with the emerging national movements in Europe and as the only way to respond to antisemitism and assert Jewish identity in the modern world.

Hess's grave near Lake Kinneret, Israel

Scholarly work

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Hess's Rome and Jerusalem: The Last National Question went unnoticed in his time, as most German Jews preferred cultural assimilation. His work did not stimulate political activity or discussion. When Theodor Herzl first read Rome and Jerusalem he wrote that "since Spinoza Jewry had no bigger thinker than this forgotten Moses Hess." He said he might not have written Der Judenstaat (The Jewish State) if he had known Rome and Jerusalem beforehand. Vladimir Ze'ev Jabotinsky honored Hess in The Jewish Legion in the World War as one of the people that made the Balfour declaration possible, along with Herzl, Walter Rothschild and Leon Pinsker.

Published works

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Translations

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Silberner, Edmund (1966). Moses Hess. Geschichte seines Lebens (in German). E. J. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-02020-7.
  2. ^ a b c d e Berlin, Isaiah (15 April 2009) [1957]. "From Communism to Zionism: Moses Hess". The Life and Opinions of Moses Hess. Lucien Wolf Memorial Lecture. Oxford University, United Kingdom: Jewish Historical Society of England (published 1959). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 December 2019. The Life and Opinions of Moses Hess. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  3. ^ a b Hess, Moses (2 December 2004). Moses Hess: The Holy History of Mankind and Other Writings. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-38756-9.
  4. ^ a b Marx, Karl; Engels, Friedrich (1976) [1846]. "Part V: "Doctor Georg Kuhlmann Of Holstein" Or The Prophecies of True Socialism". In Arthur, Christopher John (ed.). The German Ideology. Vol. II. International Publishers (published 1932). ISBN 978-0-8285-0008-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 July 2001. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
  5. ^ a b Avineri, Shlomo (1985). Moses Hess, prophet of communism and Zionism. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 0-8147-0584-7. OCLC 11519654.
  6. ^ Hunt, Tristram (2009). The Frock-Coated Communist: The Revolutionary Life of Friedrich Engels. Metropolitan/Henry Holt & Co. ISBN 978-0-8050-8025-4.
  7. ^ Henderson, William Otto (1976). The Life of Friedrich Engels. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-7146-4002-0.
  8. ^ Battegay, Lubrich, Caspar, Naomi (2018). Jewish Switzerland: 50 Objects Tell Their Stories (in German and English). Christophe Merian. pp. 126–129. ISBN 9783856168476.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ a b c Hunt, Tristram (2010), Marx's General: The Revolutionary Life of Friedrich Engels, Macmillan, ISBN 978-1-4299-8355-6.
  10. ^ Daum, Andreas W. (1998). Wissenschaftspopularisierung im 19. Jahrhundert : bürgerliche Kultur, naturwissenschaftliche Bildung und die deutsche Öffentlichkeit, 1848-1914. München: R. Oldenbourg. pp. 407, 415–17, 454, 467, 492. ISBN 3-486-56337-8. OCLC 43318002.
  11. ^ Hess, Moses (2 December 2004). Moses Hess: The Holy History of Mankind and Other Writings. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-45524-4.
  12. ^ "Moses Hess: German author and Zionist". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2 April 2024. Archived from the original on 8 June 2022. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  13. ^ Kovesi, Julius (2001). Values and Evaluations: Essays on Ethics and Ideology- Edited by Alan Tapper. Vol. 183. Lang AG International Academic Publishers, Peter. pp. 127–207. ISBN 978-0-8204-5760-4. OL 28950625M.
  14. ^ "Draft of a Communist Confession of Faith - Engels". marxengels.public-archive.net. Archived from the original on 6 June 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2022.

Further reading

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