José Avelino

The Honourable José Avelino
3rd President of the Senate of the Philippines
In office May 28, 1946 – February 21, 1949
Preceded by	Manuel Roxas
Succeeded by	Mariano Jesús Cuenco
President pro tempore of the Senate of the Philippines
In office June 2, 1935 – November 15, 1935
Preceded by	José Clarín
Succeeded by	Senate abolished (Next held by Elpidio Quirino)
Senator of the Philippines
In office May 25, 1946 – December 30, 1951
In office June 5, 1928 – November 15, 1935
Preceded by	Pastor Salazar
Succeeded by	District abolished
Constituency	9th senatorial district
Secretary of Public Works and Communications
In office 1939[citation needed] – 1941
President	Manuel L. Quezon
Preceded by	Mariano Jesús Cuenco
Succeeded by	Basilio Valdes (as Secretary of National Defense, Public Works, Communications and Labor)
Secretary of Labor
In office November 15, 1935[citation needed] – November 1938[citation needed]
President	Manuel L. Quezon
Preceded by	Ramon Torres
Succeeded by	Hermenegildo Villanueva
Member of the House of Representatives from Samar's 1st district
In office June 6, 1922 – June 5, 1928
Preceded by	Pedro Mendiola
Succeeded by	Tiburcio Tancinco
Personal details
Born	José Dira Avelino (1890-08-05)August 5, 1890 Calbayog, Samar, Captaincy General of the Philippines
Died	July 21, 1986(1986-07-21) (aged 95) Manila, Philippines[citation needed]
Political party	Liberal (1946–1986)
Other political affiliations	Nacionalista (1928–1946) Democrata (1922–1928)
Spouse	Enriqueta Casal
Children	5
Relatives	Paulo Avelino (great-grandson) Coritha (grand daughter)
Alma mater	Ateneo de Manila (AB) University of Santo Tomas (LL.B)

José Dira Avelino Sr. (August 5, 1890 – July 21, 1986), was the first president of the Senate of the Third Republic of the Philippines and the second president of the Liberal Party. He was Senate President pro tempore to President Manuel Quezon prior to the establishment of the Commonwealth.

Avelino was born in a town called Calbayog in Samar to Ildefonsa Dira and Baltazar Avelino. Avelino was educated at the Ateneo de Manila, where he received his Bachelor of Arts degree, and the University of Santo Tomas, where he graduated with his Bachelor of Laws. Calbayog became a city in 1948 at Avelino's instance, when as president of the Senate he pulled together three contiguous municipalities (Oquendo, Calbayog and Tinambacan) and made it into the 19th city of the Philippines, July 15, 1948, the date President Elpidio Quirino signed Republic Act No. 328.

Avelino was married to Enriqueta Casal and had four sons (Jose Jr., Enrique, Antonio, Baltazar II) and has one daughter named Pilar. He is the great-grandfather of actor Paulo Avelino.

He served as Secretary of Labor and later as Secretary of Public Works and Transportation under President Manuel L. Quezon. As Secretary of Labor, Avelino accomplished something unprecedented in the Philippines and perhaps the world – he unified the labor unions by organizing them into two commissions: the National Commission of Labor (NCL) and the National Commission of Peasants (NCP) – and he was designated chairman of these two commissions. To quote the Manila Bulletin: "The new Secretary of Labor José Avelino became not merely the head of the Department of Labor in the government but the head of labor organization, the head of labor in fact."

Avelino is known as the Father of the Philippine Workmen’s Compensation Law; one of the most famous bills which he authored during his term in Senate, which focused on creating a contingency insurance fund for workers as a way to protect the workers from the various economic problems that plagued the post-war economy.

Avelino also founded the first labor union in Eastern Visayas, Gremio Obrero de Stevedores, and considered to be a founding member of the Liberal Party. He was instrumental in the passage of the Social Security System and pushed for the establishment of public high schools in every province in the Philippines. The final office held by Avelino before retiring was Ambassador Plenipotentiary under President Elpidio Quirino.

An LP stalwart, Avelino was infamously quoted as saying "What are we in power for?" which was said during a party caucus in Malacañang. The whole statement being:^[1]

"Why did you have to order an investigation Honorable Mr. President? If you cannot permit abuses, you must at least tolerate them. What are we in power for? We are not hypocrites. Why should we pretend to be saints when in reality we are not? We are not angels. When we die we will all go to hell. It is better to be in hell because in that place there are no investigations, no secretary of justice, no secretary of the interior to go after us."

The above account is disputed by historian Quintin Doroquez.^[2][3] Doroquez claims that Avelino was willfully misquoted as corrupt by Celso Cabrera, a newsreporter who did not speak Spanish.^[3] Doroquez claims that Congressman Faustino Tobia of Ilocos Norte confessed to the Avelino family later that the entire quote was fabricated and that the original context of Avelino's comment at the said party caucus on January 15, 1949, was the failure of the Quirino administration to deal with the problems of the country.^[3] According to Doroquez, Congressman Tobia offered the following paraphrase as closer to what Avelino actually said in Spanish at the meeting.^[3]

"Señor Presidente, ¿no es la verdad que sin hacerlos vigorosamente es traicionar y negar esencialmente nuestros deberes como sirvientes públicos? ¿Para que esta el nuestro mandato del pueblo?"^[3]

Doroquez provided a translation of Congressman Tobia's paraphrase.^[3]

"Mr. President, is it not the truth that not addressing vigorously these problems [i.e., of losing the Liberal Party's insight into the postwar reconstruction, the country’s peasant plight that is fueling the Huk's insurgency, and the moral discipline of those who use their position or influence in government to advance their selfish ends, like appointing less qualified men from the opposition party] is to betray and negate fundamentally our duties as public servants? What for is our mandate from the people?"

In any case, the quote "What are we in power for?" was the quote attributed to Avelino and reported in The Manila Chronicle which was owned by the Lopez family, the family of then-senator Fernando Lopez who later would be chosen as Quirino's running mate and be elected as his vice president.^[3]

Avelino ran for the Philippine presidency in the 1949 election, where he became third in a race between incumbent president Elpidio Quirino and former president José P. Laurel. Avelino tried to divide the Liberal Party votes for Quirino by declaring his faction as the other wing of the Liberal Party, but the latter still won with 50.93% of the votes. Avelino garnered a mere 11.85%. His vice presidential mate, Vicente Francisco, garnered a far lower percentage (1.73%).

Avelino retired from public life and devoted himself to the practice of law. Avelino died at the age of 95 on July 21, 1986.

• Biography of Jose Avelino - Senate of the Philippines
• Calbayog Ko page about Jose Avelino
• Quintin Lambino Doroquez's biographical article about Jose Avelino