Khaankhre Sobekhotep
| Khaankhre Sobekhotep | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Sobekhotep I, Sobekhotep II, Sobekhotep IV (depending on chronology) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Doorjamb of a temple bearing Khaankhre Sobekhotep's nomen, originally from Abydos, now on display at the Louvre | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pharaoh | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Reign | three to four-and-a-half years, ca. 1735 BC | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Predecessor | Nedjemibre | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Successor | Renseneb | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Monuments | Chapel in Abydos[1] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dynasty | 13th Dynasty | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Khaankhre Sobekhotep was a pharaoh of the Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period. His chronological position is much debated. In literature, Khaankhre Sobekhotep is known as Sobekhotep I. However, he is now believed to be Sobekhotep II or Sobekhotep IV (in some newer studies).[2][3]
Attestations
[edit]At Abydos, Khaankhre Sobekhotep is attested by a relief from a chapel.[4][5] Of Unknown Provenance, is a fragment of an inscribed column.[6] His name Khaankhre Sobekhotep also appears on a granite statue pedestal.[7][8][9]
Non-contemporary attestations
[edit]The Karnak king list preserves his prenomen Khaankhre. This list of kings was made during the reign of Thutmose III.
The Turin canon 6:15 preserves the nomen Sobek[hote]pre. The addition of -re may be a scribal error, as the correct entry would be Sobekhotep. This list of kings was made during the reign of Ramesses II. Khaankhre Sobekhotep is often associated with this entry, but it is not certain. The nomen Sobekhotep can refer to any king using this nomen, for instance Sobekhotep I. This part of the king list is also so fragmentary and uncertain that its hard to interpret. Other king lists, like the Abydos King List simply omitted all rulers between Amenemhat IV and Ahmose I - perhaps because they were minor kings who only controlled some estates or parts of the country in competition with other claimants.
Theories
[edit]While Khaankhre Sobekhotep is regarded as a ruler of the 13th Dynasty, his chronological position is debated.
His reign was most likely short. Ryholt has suggested three to four-and-a-half years.[8]
According to egyptologists Kim Ryholt and Darrell Baker, Khaankhre Sobekhotep was the 13th pharaoh of the dynasty and had a short reign ca. 1735 BC. Alternatively, Jürgen von Beckerath sees him as the 16th pharaoh of the dynasty.[2][10]
Ryholt mentions that Sobekhotep I may be identical with Sobekhotep II, who is only mentioned as Sobekhotep in the Turin King List.[8] Others, like Dodson, consider Khaankhre Sobekhotep II and Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep I to be two different rulers from the 13th Dynasty,[11] while Bierbrier lists Khaankhre Sobekhotep I and Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep II.[12]
Recently Simon Connor and Julien Siesse investigated the style of the king's monument and argue that he reigned much later than previously thought (after Sobekhotep IV – who would become Sobekhotep III).[13]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]
- ^ Inventory of the Louvre: B.3–5, C.9–10; E. Bresciani: Un edificio di Kha-anekh-Ra Sobekhotep ad Abdido. In: Egitto e Vicino Oriente, vol. II, 1979, pp. 1–20
- ^ a b K.S.B. Ryholt: The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c.1800–1550 BC, Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications, vol. 20. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 1997
- ^ Darrell D. Baker: The Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs: Volume I – Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300–1069 BC, Stacey International, ISBN 978-1-905299-37-9, 2008, p. 443
- ^ Paris, Louvre Museum, B. 3-5, C. 9-10
- ^ Bresciani 1979
- ^ London, Petrie Museum UC 14411
- ^ London, British Museum BM 69497, formerly Amherst Collection
- ^ a b c K.S.B. Ryholt, The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period (Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications, vol. 20. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 1997), 339, File 13/13.
- ^ C. N. Reeves, Miscellanea Epigraphica, Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur, Bd. 13, (1986), pp. 165–170
- ^ Darrell D. Baker: The Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs: Volume I - Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300–1069 BC, Stacey International, ISBN 978-1-905299-37-9, 2008, p. 445
- ^ Aidan Dodson, Monarchs of the Nile, American Univ in Cairo Press, 2000, p 207
- ^ Bierbrier, M.L. (2008). Historical dictionary of ancient Egypt. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-5794-0. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
- ^ Simon Connor, Julien Siesse: Nouvelle datation pour le roi Sobekhotep Khâânkhrê, in: Revue d'Égyptologie 66 (2015), 2015, 227-247; compare Throne Names Patterns as a Clue for the Internal Chronology of the 13th to 17th Dynasties (Late Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period), GM 246 (2015), p. 75-98 798 online