Eduard von Böhm-Ermolli

**Freiherr**

Eduard von Böhm-Ermolli
Freiherr; Eduard von Böhm-Ermolli
	Eduard Freiherr von Böhm-Ermolli as a general in the Austro-Hungarian Army
Born	12 February 1856; Ancona, Papal States (now Ancona, Italy)
Died	9 December 1941 (aged 85); Troppau, Nazi Germany (now Opava, Czech Republic)
Buried	Opava Municipal Cemetery
Allegiance	Austria-Hungary (1875–1918); Czechoslovakia (1919–1938); Nazi Germany (1938–1941)
Years of service	1875–1918
Rank	Field marshal
Commands	1st Army Corps; Austro-Hungarian 2nd Army; Army Group Böhm-Ermolli
Battles / wars	World War I; World War II
Awards	See Decorations and awards

Eduard Freiherr^[1] von Böhm-Ermolli (12 February 1856 – 9 December 1941) was an Austrian general during World War I who rose to the rank of field marshal in the Austro-Hungarian Army. He was the head of the Second Army and fought mainly on the front of Galicia during the entire conflict. On 30 October 1940, Böhm-Ermolli was made a German Generalfeldmarschall.

Biography

Early life

Eduard Böhm was born in the Italian city of Ancona where his father served with a small representative detachment of the Austrian army. His father, Georg Böhm (1813–1893), had as a sergeant won a battlefield commission for bravery after the battle of Novara in 1849, been promoted to the rank of major upon his retirement in 1877. In June 1885, he received permission to attach his wife's (Maria Josepha Ermolli) maiden name to his family name. He was elevated to hereditary nobility in September 1885, and hence the family was known as "von Böhm-Ermolli".

Böhm-Ermolli was trained at the cadet academy in St. Pölten and the Theresian Military Academy in Wiener Neustadt and entered the service on 1 September 1875 as a lieutenant in the dragoons. He served in a variety of line and staff positions, steadily rose through the ranks, being promoted to General of the Cavalry on 1 May 1912 and appointed commanding general of the 1st Army Corps in Kraków.

Service during World War One

At the start of World War I, Böhm-Ermolli was given command of the Austrian 2nd Army, which was intended for action on the Serbian front. After the Russian Empire mobilised, the 2nd Army was diverted to the Russian front, where it reinforced the armies of Austria's German ally.
In September 1915 he also became commander of the Army Group Böhm-Ermolli which included the German South Army besides his own Second Army.

Böhm-Ermolli was promoted to Generaloberst in May 1916 and to Feldmarschall in January 1918. In March 1918, his forces occupied Ukraine. His Army Group was dissolved at Odessa at the war's end.

Later life

*Heldengedenktag*, 16 March 1941. High-ranking officers with their batons (left to right: Eduard von Böhm-Ermolli, with Austro-Hungarian Field Marshal's baton; Erich Raeder; Walther von Brauchitsch; Wilhelm Keitel; Erhard Milch; Rudolf Hess; Heinrich Himmler.)

An octogenarian Böhm-Ermolli in the dress of a German *Generalfeldmarschall*

Böhm-Ermolli then settled in his home town of Troppau in Austrian Silesia, which became part of Czechoslovakia in 1919, and the government of Czechoslovakia paid him his pension and honored him as a General 1st Class in the reserve. In 1928 he became an "Army General" of Czechoslovakia, even though he never served in the Czechoslovak Army.

When the Sudetenland, the predominantly German settled regions along the fringes of Czechoslovakia, was annexed to Nazi Germany in 1938, he became a German subject. On 31 October 1940 Böhm-Ermolli received an honorary promotion to Generalfeldmarschall of the German Army. In addition, he was appointed honorary colonel-in-chief of Infantry Regiment Nr. 38 in his hometown of Troppau (Opava).

When he died in December 1941, he was accorded a state funeral with full military honors in Vienna.

Military service and promotion record

Cadet, Austrian Military Academy at Wiener Neustadt, Class of 1875^[2]
Leutnant, K.u.K. Dragoon Regiment Nr 4, 1875^[3]
- served as a general staff officer, 1870s to 1890s^[4]
Oberst (Colonel), K.u.K., 1897^[5]
General-Major, 1903^[6]
- Commander, 16th Cavalry Brigade^[7]
- Commander of a cavalry division^[8]
Feldmarschall-Leutnant, K.u.K., 1907^[9]
- Commander in chief, K.u.K. 1st Army Corps, November 18, 1911^[10]
General der Kavallerie, K.u.K., May 1, 1912^[11]
- Commander in chief, K.u.K. 2nd Army^[12]
General-Oberst, K.u.K., May 1, 1916^[13]
- Commander, Army Group "Böhm-Ermolli", 1916 to 1918^[14]
Feldmarschall, K.u.K., January 31, 1918^[15]
- Commander of occupied Ukraine, to June 17, 1918^[16]

Retired, December 1, 1918.^[17]

(honorary) Generalfeldmarschall, Wehrmacht, 1940^[18]

Decorations and awards

Austria-Hungary:

Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen – Grand Cross, 1918 (#1687)^[19]
Military Merit Cross – I. Class Cross with War Decoration
Order of Leopold – Grand Cross, with War Decoration & Swords^[20]
Order of the Iron Crown – Knight, I. Class, with War Decoration^[21]
Military Order of Maria Theresa – Commander^[22]
Decoration for Services to the Red Cross – Star of Honor
Order of the Iron Crown – Knight, III. Class
Military Merit Cross – III. Class Cross
Military Merit Medal (Signum Laudis) – in Gold
Military Merit Medal (Signum Laudis) – in Silver
Officer’s Long Service Cross, III. Class (25+ years of service)
1898 Jubilee Medal (Emperor Franz Joseph I. Golden Jubilee)

Kingdom of Bavaria:

Military Merit Order – Knight, Grand Cross

Kingdom of Prussia:

Iron Cross, 2nd Class
Iron Cross, 1st Class
Pour le Mérite^[23]
- Oakleaves to the Pour le Mérite^[24]

Ottoman Empire:

Notes

^ Regarding personal names: Freiherr was a title before 1919, but now is regarded as part of the surname. It is translated as Baron. Before the August 1919 abolition of nobility as a legal class, titles preceded the full name when given (Graf Helmuth James von Moltke). Since 1919, these titles, along with any nobiliary prefix (von, zu, etc.), can be used, but are regarded as a dependent part of the surname, and thus come after any given names (Helmuth James Graf von Moltke). Titles and all dependent parts of surnames are ignored in alphabetical sorting. The feminine forms are Freifrau and Freiin.
^ Plotke, J., ed. (n.d.). "Böhm-Ermolli, Eduard Freiherr (Baron) v. (1856-1941)." Retrieved from: https://net.lib.byu.edu/estu/wwi/bio/e/ermolli.htm
^ Plotke, J., ed.
^ Plotke, J., ed.
^ Plotke, J., ed.
^ Plotke, J., ed. Note: General-Major in the K.u.K. was the equivalent to a Brigadier in the U.K. or a Brigadier General in the U.S.
^ Plotke, J., ed.
^ Plotke, J., ed.
^ Plotke, J., ed. Feldmarshall Leutnant was the equivalent to a Major General in the U.K. and U.S.
^ Plotke, J., ed.
^ Plotke, J., ed. General der Kavallerie was the equivalent in rank to Lieutenant General in the U.K. and U.S.
^ Plotke, J., ed.
^ Plotke, J., ed. General-Oberst translates as "Colonel General" and was equivalent in rank to General in the U.K. and U.S.
^ Plotke, J., ed.
^ Plotke, J., ed.
^ Plotke, J., ed.
^ Plotke, J., ed.
^ Plotke, J., ed.
^ MAGYAR KIRÁLYI SZENT ISTVÁN REND, retrieved from: http://kituntetes.hu/
^ Jewison, G. and Steiner, J. (2016, November 15). "Eduard Freiherr von Böhm-Ermolli." Austro-Hungarian Land Forces 1848-1918. Retrieved from: http://www.austro-hungarian-army.co.uk/biog/bohm.htm
^ Jewison, G. and Steiner, J.
^ Jewison, G. and Steiner, J.
^ Jewison, G. and Steiner, J.
^ Jewison, G. and Steiner, J.

[1] Regarding personal names: Freiherr was a title before 1919, but now is regarded as part of the surname. It is translated as Baron. Before the August 1919 abolition of nobility as a legal class, titles preceded the full name when given (Graf Helmuth James von Moltke). Since 1919, these titles, along with any nobiliary prefix (von, zu, etc.), can be used, but are regarded as a dependent part of the surname, and thus come after any given names (Helmuth James Graf von Moltke). Titles and all dependent parts of surnames are ignored in alphabetical sorting. The feminine forms are Freifrau and Freiin.

[2] Plotke, J., ed. (n.d.). "Böhm-Ermolli, Eduard Freiherr (Baron) v. (1856-1941)." Retrieved from: https://net.lib.byu.edu/estu/wwi/bio/e/ermolli.htm

[3] Plotke, J., ed.

[4] Plotke, J., ed.

[5] Plotke, J., ed.

[6] Plotke, J., ed. Note: General-Major in the K.u.K. was the equivalent to a Brigadier in the U.K. or a Brigadier General in the U.S.

[7] Plotke, J., ed.

[8] Plotke, J., ed.

[9] Plotke, J., ed. Feldmarshall Leutnant was the equivalent to a Major General in the U.K. and U.S.

[10] Plotke, J., ed.

[11] Plotke, J., ed. General der Kavallerie was the equivalent in rank to Lieutenant General in the U.K. and U.S.

[12] Plotke, J., ed.

[13] Plotke, J., ed. General-Oberst translates as "Colonel General" and was equivalent in rank to General in the U.K. and U.S.

[14] Plotke, J., ed.

[15] Plotke, J., ed.

[16] Plotke, J., ed.

[17] Plotke, J., ed.

[18] Plotke, J., ed.

[19] MAGYAR KIRÁLYI SZENT ISTVÁN REND, retrieved from: http://kituntetes.hu/

[20] Jewison, G. and Steiner, J. (2016, November 15). "Eduard Freiherr von Böhm-Ermolli." Austro-Hungarian Land Forces 1848-1918. Retrieved from: http://www.austro-hungarian-army.co.uk/biog/bohm.htm

[21] Jewison, G. and Steiner, J.

[22] Jewison, G. and Steiner, J.

[23] Jewison, G. and Steiner, J.

[24] Jewison, G. and Steiner, J.

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