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Demographics of the Ottoman Empire

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Historical population
YearPop.±%
152011,692,000—    
156615,000,000+28.3%
168330,000,000+100.0%
183127,230,000−9.2%
185635,350,000+29.8%
1881–9317,388,000−50.8%
190520,884,000+20.1%
190620,975,345+0.4%
191914,629,000−30.3%

The demographics of the Ottoman Empire include population density, ethnicity, education level, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

Lucy Mary Jane Garnett stated in the 1904 book Turkish Life in Town and Country, published in 1904, that "No country in the world, perhaps, contains a population so heterogeneous as that of Turkey."[1]

Census

[edit]

Demographic data for most of the history of the Ottoman Empire is not quite precise. For most of the five centuries of its existence, the empire did not have easily computable valid data except figures for the number of employed citizens. Until the first official census (1881–1893), data was derived from extending the taxation values to the total population. Because of the use of taxation data to infer population size, detailed data for numerous Ottoman urban centers - towns with more than 5,000 inhabitants - is accurate. This data was collaborated with data on wages and prices. Another source was used for the numbers of landlords of households in the Ottoman Empire- every household was assumed to have 5 residents.[2]

  • Town population in the Balkans in the 16th century
    Town population in the Balkans in the 16th century

1831 Ottoman census

[edit]

Entire villages remained uncounted. Taxable population was enumerated, i.e. healthy men over 15 years old. For some settlements the rest of the male population was the majority.

[3]
Area Total Muslim E. Orthodox All Roma (Gypsies) Jews Armenians
Total (Of those counted) 3,377,307 1,316,682 1,941,816 93,943 20,636 4,230
Rumeli Eyalet 337,001 686,991 25,126 9,955 2,099
Çatalca rural 848 2,592
Silivri 887
Midya 127
Terkos 794
Çekmeceıkebır 464
Çekmeceısagır 403
Tiirkeşçıttiığı 29
Tekturdağı 3,773 7,727 57
Inecik 812 836 24
Malkara 1,511 4,010 64
Gelibolu 4,179 6,613
Şarköy 962 7,752
Bergos 1,860 3,154 32 51
Çorlu 971 1,938 45 73
Marmara Ereğlisi 177 554 24
Babayiatik 542 1,253
Havas Mahmutpaşa 684 896
Hayrabolu 2,203 1,051
Evreşe 666 956 39
Inoz 274 2,327 62
Keşan 850 4,557 72
Çisriergene 1,929 8,886
Ipsala 955 1,512
Edirne 18,487 16,789 750 1,541 1,443
Ada rural 1,090 5,214
Çdke rural 1,990 4,803
Üsküdar and Manastır rural 2,333 17,040
Tırfelli rural 181
Çisri Muştafa Paşa 914 1,329
Çirmen 1,910 1,262
Çirpan 938 4,619
Ahlçelebi 6,080 4,107
Akçakizanllk 7,195 8,097 748
Zağraiatık 5,586 12,782
Dimetoka 7,525 10,852
Ferecık 2,385 3,473
Meğri 692 833
Gumülcine 30,517 5,339 1,712
Yenıceikerasu 7,582 2,540 1,273
Uzuncaabat Hasköy 9,941 10,118 633
Sultanyeri 6,251 51 89
Drama 8,618 3,077 1,007
Cığlacik and San Şaban 4,986 131 54
Tırnova 3,051
Hutaliç rural 7,543
Torluk rural 5,108
Sahra rural 2,678
Filibe 10,920 44,959 2,021 344 344
Pazarcik 3,269 14,083 3,653 119
Ihtaman 408 1,501 83
Sofya 4,161 39,692 886
Şehirköy 1,341 27,643 379
Pravişte 4,718 2,596 259
Bereketlu 967 170
Kavala 1,514 102
Berkofca 1,125 13,549 382
Cuma Pazari 3,733 916
Egri Bucak 1,482 1,294
Çarşamba 2,350 1,717
Serfıce 682 2,260
Tikveş 4,454 6,104
Petriç 3,893 3,869
Radovişte 3,504 4,907
Nevrekop 8,539 8,620 739
Melnik 918 4,182 260
Timurhisar 3,229 6,611 494
Zihne 2,867 10,017 642
Siroz 4,459 16,596 1,761 248
Selanik 12,368 2,1669 511 5,667
Yenice Vardar 6,811 4,766
Vodine 3,996 3,883
Karaferiye 1,680 11,052
Ağustos 151 737
Perzinek 215 4,436
Iznebol 131 5,152 151
Ustrumca 3,674 5,344 546
Toyran 4,631 3,076 334
Karadağ 2,722 1,452 108
Avrathisar 3,176 6,949 332
Dupniçe 3,528 11,642
Radomir 789 7,211
Ivraca 1,463 14,282 262
Kratova, Ivraniye, Palangai, Eğridere 4,749 21,068 627
Vidin, Akçar, Karalom, Belgratçik, Çunarka, Godgoskaca and Esterlik rural 6,695 24,846 1,289
Köprülü 4,767 12,718 390
Perlepe 3,683 14,489 450
Samokov 816 11,973 11 94
Köstendil 3,032 14,070 232 145
Behişte 3,202 2,176 89
Kesriye 3,313 16,124 335
Persepe 568 2,162
Manastir 6,723 24,550 705 1,163
Florina 5,596 5,253 365
Istrova 1,658 1,176 57
Hotpeşte 2,081 3,630 43
Nasliç 2,693 5,748 275
Iştip 6,920 9,826
Koçana 3,374 6,112
Kumanova 2,276 10,819
Silistre Eyalet 150,970 96,342 8,779 178
Niğbolu Sancak 110,304 81,489 5,804 178
Selvı 7,734
Izladi 2,580
Etripolu 545
Lofça 12,404
Plevne 6,031
Rahova 1,831
Sipre 235
Niğbolu 3,893 8,598 1,190
Ziştovi 3,897 5,760 629
Rusçuk 1,6165 7,196 1,437
Yanbolu 1,942 1,507
Nevahii Yanbolu 1,444 1,237
Zağraicedıt 3,292 4,745
Yenicei Kızılağaç, Hatunili 499 1,502
Niš 1,862 18,378 575 178
Prizren 9,488 2,867 366
Yehud 2,768 2,479 44
Tırguvişte 2,404 2,323 3
Gude 7,574 100
Usküp 9,660 11,700 900
Kalkandelen 11,766 8,043 472
Kirçova 2,286 5,154 88
Silistre Sancak 40,666 14,853 2975
Varna 3,427 1,573 167
Isakçi 553 605 39
Minkalye 694 15 37
Balçik and Kuvarna 1766 630 125
Karkkala rural 52
Maçin 991 821 25
Köstence 1,417 386 41
Hırsova 1,391 986 21
Tulça 472 592 19
Kannabad 5,065 1,454 358
Babadağ 1,171 1,661 38
Doskasri 1,114 596 273
Aydos 5,790 845 449
Yenipazar 3482 948 300
Pravadı 4,530 1,465 231
Umurfakih 1,140 146
Kozluca 1,840 1,163 146
Pazarcık 3,515 761 287
Çardak 2,308 300 223
Republic of Bulgaria borders[4] 181,455 296,769 1,7474 702 344

1844 Ottoman census

[edit]
District Muslims[5]
Rumelia 29%

1881–1893 Ottoman census

[edit]

The first official census (1881–1893) took 10 years to finish. In 1893 the results were compiled and presented. This census is the first modern, general and standardized census accomplished not for taxation nor for military purposes, but to acquire demographic data. The population was divided into ethno-religious and gender characteristics. Numbers of both male and female subjects are given in ethno-religious categories including Muslims, Greeks (including Asia Minor Greeks, Pontic Greeks, and Caucasus Greeks, all Orthodox Christians under the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Constantinople from extremely distinct ethnic origin), Armenians, Bulgarians, Catholics, Jews, Protestants, Latins, Syriacs and Roma.[6][7]

In 1867 the Council of States took charge of drawing population tables, increasing the precision of population records. They introduced new measures of recording population counts in 1874. This led to the establishment of a General Population Administration, attached to the Ministry of Interior in 1881–1882. These changes politicized the population counts.

  • Population maps 1893-96
  • 1893-96, Muslim, Greek and Armenian population
    1893-96, Muslim, Greek and Armenian population
  • 1893-96, Armenian distribution (in color)
    1893-96, Armenian distribution (in color)
  • 1893-96, Green shows Muslim majority, red shows Armenian majority.
    1893-96, Green shows Muslim majority, red shows Armenian majority.
Ottoman Census Values
Administrative Unit Total Pop Armenian Pop Armenian %
Van Vilayet 132,007 55,051 41.70%
Bitlis Vilayet 338,642 108,050 31.91%
Izmit 228,443 44,953 19.68%
Erzurum Vilayet 637,015 120,147 18.86%
Dersaadet 903,482 166,185 18.39%
Vilayet of Mamuret-ul-Aziz 466,579 83,394 17.87%
Diyarbekir Vilayet 414,657 60,175 14.51%
Sivas Vilayet 980,876 129,085 13.16%
Adana Vilayet 398,764 36,695 9.20%
Halep Vilayet 819,238 70,663 8.63%
Ankara Vilayet 1,018,744 81,437 7.99%
Hüdavendigar Vilayet 1,454,294 70,262 4.83%
Trabzon Vilayet 1,164,595 49,782 4.27%
Sehremanati Mülhakati 88,306 3,074 3.48%
Edirne 985,962 18,458 1.87%
Çatalca 61,001 979 1.60%
Biga 143,904 1,842 1.28%
Konya 1,022,834 10,972 1.07%
Aydin 1,478,424 15,229 1.03%
Zor 51,270 474 0.92%
Kastamonu 968,884 6,652 0.69%
Kudüs 258,860 1,610 0.62%
Beyrut 620,763 2,921 0.47%
Suriye 551,135 1,478 0.27%
Selanik 1,038,953 51 0.00%
Cezayir-i Bahri Sefid 286,736 10 0.00%
Manastir 711,466 22 0.00%
1,139,651

1905–1906 Ottoman census

[edit]
  • Population maps 1905-1906, 1914
  • 1905-1906 (printed in 1911)
    1905-1906 (printed in 1911)
  • Muslim population in the Ottoman vilayets (1907)
    Muslim population in the Ottoman vilayets (1907)
  • Muslim population in the Ottoman sanjaks
    Muslim population in the Ottoman sanjaks

After 1893 the Ottoman Empire established a statistics authority (Istatistik-i Umumi Idaresi) under which results of another official census was published in 1899.

Istatistik-i Umumi Idaresi conducted a new census survey for which field work lasted two years (1905–06). 2-3 million people in Iraq and Syria remained unregistered and uncounted.[8] As a factual note this survey's complete (total) documentation was not published. Results of regional studies on this data were published later, which were sorted by their publication date. Included in the publication and subsequent ones was the Ottoman Empire's population as of 1911, 1912, and 1914. The substantial archival documentation on the census has been used in many modern studies and international publications. After 1906 the Ottoman Empire began to disband and a chain of violent wars such as the Italo-Turkish War, Balkan Wars and World War I drastically changed the region, its borders, and its demographics.

Population distribution of the Millets in the Ottoman Empire in 1906, according to the official census[9]-[10]
Millet Inhabitants % of total
Muslimsa 15,498,747 - 15,518,478 76.09% - 74.23%
Greeksb 2,823,065 - 2,833,370 13.86% - 13.56%
Armeniansc 1,031,708 - 1,140,563 5.07% - 5.46%
Bulgarians 761,530 - 762,754 3.74% - 3.65%
Jews 253,435 - 256,003 1.24% - 1.23%
Protestantsd 53,880 0.26%
Othersd 332,569 1.59%
Total 20,368,485 - 20,897,617 100.00%
Notes: a The Muslim Millet includes all Muslims. The largest of them being Turks, Arabs and Kurds.
b The Greek Millet includes all Christians part of the Greek Orthodox Church. This includes Slavs and Albanians.
c This includes the various Assyrian Churches.
d The first source doesn't include Protestants and "others".

1914 Ottoman census

[edit]
  • 1914, Muslim, Greek and Armenian population
    1914, Muslim, Greek and Armenian population
1914 Official Census Values (Male-Female Aggregated)[11]
Province Muslim Armenian Greek
Adana 341.903 (74.8%) 52.650 (13%) 8.974 (2.2%)
Ankara 877.285 (92.5%) 51.556 (5.4%) 20.240 (2.1%)
Antalya 235.762 (95.01%) 630 (.02%) 12.385 (4.97%)
Aydın (İzmir) 1.249.067 20.287 299.097
Bitlis 309.999 (72.5%) 117.492 (27.5%) 0
Bolu 399.281 2.970 5.115
Canik 265.950 27.319 98.739
Çatalca 20.048 842 36.791 (63.78%)
Diyarbekir 492.101 65.850 1.935
Edirne 360.411 19.773 224.680
Erzurum 673.297 134.377 4.864
Eskişehir 140.678 8.592 2.613
Halep 576.320 40.843 21.954
Harput 446.379 79.821 971
Hüdavendigâr 474.114 60.119 74.927
İçil 102.034 341 2.507
İzmit 226.859 55.852 40.048
Kale-i Sultaniye 149.903 2.474 8.550
Kastamonu 737.302 8.959 20.958
Karahisar-ı Sahib 277.659 7.439 632
Karesi 359.804 8.653 97.497
Kayseri 184.292 50.174 26.590
Konya 750.712 12.971 25.150
Kostantiniyye 560.434 82.880 205.752
Menteşe 188.916 12 19.923
Kütahya 303.348 4.548 8.755
Maraş 152.645 32.322 34
Niğde 227.100 4.936 58.312
Sivas 939.735 147.099 75.324
Trabzon 921.128 38.899 161.574
Urfa 149.384 16.718 2
Van 179.380 67.792 1
Zor 65.770 232 45
Total 13.390.000 (83,02%) 1.173.422 (7,28%) 1.564.939 (9,70%)
Total 16.128.361

1866 Danube Vilayet census

[edit]

In 1865, 658600 (40,51%) Muslims and 967058 (59,49%) non-Muslims, including females, were living in the province excluding Niş sanjak and 569.868 (34,68%) Muslims, apart from the immigrants and 1.073.496 (65,32%) non-Muslims in 1859–1860.[12] Half the Muslims were refugees from a population exchange of Christians and Muslims with Russia. Before the establishment of the Danube Vilayet, some 250000-300000 Muslim immigrants from Crimea and Caucasus had been settled in this region from 1855 to 1864. Another 200–300,000 male and female Circassian and Crimean Tatar refugees settled in 1862-1878 were to a degree excluded from the 1866 census count.[5]

Male population of the taxable population of the, Danube Vilayet:

1866 census[5]
sancak Muslim Non-Muslim
Rusçuk 138692 95834
Varna 58689 20769
Vidin 25338 124567
Sofya 24410 147095
Tirnova 71645 104273
Tulça 39133 17929
Niş 54510 100425
Total 412417 610892

Percentage of communities in towns from the male population in 1866 according to Ottoman tezkere:[13]

Town Bulgarians Muslims Roma Armenians Jews
Vidin 34 52 6 8
Sofya 38 39 4 20
Lom 58 35 3 5
Dupnice 38 46 5 11
Plevne 47 45 5 2
Rusçuk 38 52 2 4 5
Şumnu 40 51 1 5 2
Varna 49 40 1 8 2
Silistre 30 62 2 4 1

In 1873, 17,96% of the population of the province were living in the urban areas.

1874 Danube Vilayet census

[edit]

According to the 1874 census, there were 963596 (42,22%) Muslims and 1318506 (57,78%) non-Muslims in the Danube Province excluding Nış sanjak. Together with the sanjak of Nish the population consisted of 1055650 (40,68%) Muslims and 1539278 (59,32%) non-Muslims in 1874. Muslims were the majority in the sanjaks of Rusçuk, Varna and Tulça, while the non-Muslims were in majority in the rest of the sanjaks.[14]

Eastern Rumelia census

[edit]

Census in Eastern Rumelia of 1878:[15]

Community (1878 census) Population Percentage
Bulgarians 571231 70.3%
Muslims 174759 21.4%
Greeks 42516 5.2%
Roma (Gypsies) 19524
Jews 4177
Armenians 1306

Census of Eastern Rumelia in 1880:[16]

Ethnicity (1880 census) Population Percentage
Bulgarians 590000 72.3%
Turks 158000 19.4%
Roma (Gypsies) 19500 2.4%
others 48000 5.9%

The ethnic composition of the population of Eastern Rumelia, according to the provincial census taken in 1884, was the following:[17]

Ethnicity (1884 census) Population Percentage
Bulgarians 681,734 70.0%
Turks 200,489 20.6%
Greeks 53,028 5.4%
Roma (Gypsies) 27,190 2.8%
Jews 6,982 0.7%
Armenians 1,865 0.2%

Population of Eastern Rumelia according to the 1880 census:[18]

kaza Bulgarians Turks Greeks Roma Jews Armenians
Plovdiv 127.619 36.848 14.265 4736 1185 806
Haskovo 74.656 55.334 1138 2116 246
Stara Zagora 124.666 27.115 35 2811 431
Sliven 96.425 12.463 14.184 3685 845 276
Pazardzhik 94.873 14.898 676 3487 1112 152
Burgas 36.997 28.091 11.798 2686 358 71

1903–1904 census of Salonika Vilayet

[edit]

Population of the Salonika vilayet: [13]

sanjak Muslims Greeks Bulgarians Vlachs[a] Jews
Saloniki 220.000 190.000 85.000 15.000 48.000
Serres 145.000 78.000 130.000 4000 2000
Drama 119.000 22.000 4000 1000

Ethnoreligious estimates and registered population

[edit]

Eyalets

[edit]

The Muslim population in Silistra subprovince was most numerous (55.17%), while in the Vidin and Nis subprovinces the non-Muslim population constituted 75.59% and 81.18% respectively. Population of the eyalets (Silistra, Vidin and Niş) which constituted the establishment of the Danube Vilayet, according to the 1858 report of the British consul Edward Neale:[19]

Community Population
Bulgarian Orthodox 910,735 (65%)
Muslim 430,485 (31%)
Vlach[a] 25,000 (2%)
Greek 10,100 (1%)
Jewish 5,000 (0%)
Others 9,535 (1%)
TOTAL 1,390,855 (100%)

Danube Vilayet

[edit]

The Danube Province was founded in 1864 and consisted of the subprovinces of Ruse, Varna, Tulcea, Tarnovo, Vidin, Sofia and Niş.[14] Two subprovinces (Sofia and Niş) were separated from the Danube Province, so that Niş sanjak was part of Prizren Vilayet in 1869–1874, while the detached Sofia Province was founded in 1876, and finally both Sofia and Niş were annexed to Adrianople and Kosovo Vilayets respectively in 1877.[14]

The entire population of the province, reached ca. 2,6 Millions, including 1 Million (40%) Muslims and 1.5 Million (60%) non-Muslims before the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878, with the main national components consisting of Bulgarians and Turks.[14] New large communities of Circassians and Tatars were resettled in the province among the 250,000-300,000 Muslim refugees from Crimea and the Caucasus from 1855 to 1864; however, after the war of 1877–78, both the Muslim and Turkish population dropped by almost half,[14] leaving only 63 Circassians recorded in Bulgaria by 1880.[20]

The male population of the Danube Vilayet (excluding Niş sancak) in 1865, according to Kuyûd-ı Atîk (the Danube Vilayet printing press):[21]

Community Rusçuk Sanjak Vidin Sanjak Varna Sanjak Tırnova Sanjak Tulça Sanjak Sofya Sanjak Danube Vilayet
Bulgar Millet 85,268 (38%) 93,613 (80%) 9,553 (18%) 113,213 (59%) 12,961 (22%) 142,410 (86%) 457,018 (56%)
Islam Millet 138,017 (61%) 14,835 (13%) 38,230 (74%) 77,539 (40%) 38,479 (65%) 20,612 (12%) 327,712 (40%)
Ullah millet 0 (0%) 7,446 (6%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 7,446 (1%)
Ermeni Millet 926 (0%) 0 (0%) 368 (1%) 0 (0%) 5,720 (10%) 0 (0%) 7,014 (1%)
Rum Millet 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 2,639 (5%) 0 (0%) 2,215 (4%) 0 (0%) 4,908 (1%)
Yahudi Millet 1,101 (0%) 630 (1%) 14 (0%) 0 (0%) 1 (0%) 1,790 (1%) 3,536 (0%)
Muslim Roma 312 (0%) 245 (0%) 118 (0%) 128 (0%) 19 (0%) 766 (0%) 1,588 (0%)
Non-Muslim Roma 145 (0%) 130 (0%) 999 (2%) 1,455 (1%) 92 (0%) 786 (0%) 3,607 (0%)
TOTAL 225,769 (100%) 116,899 (100%) 51,975 (100%) 192,335 (100%) 59,487 (100%) 166,364 (100%) 812,829 (100%)

The male population of the Danube Vilayet (excluding Niş sanjak) in 1866–1873, according to the editor of the Danube newspaper Ismail Kemal:[4]

Community Population
MUSLIMS 481,798 (42%)
- Established Muslims 392,369 (34%)
- Muslim settlers 64,398 (6%)
- Muslim Roma 25,031 (2%)
CHRISTIANS 646,215 (57%)
- Bulgarians 592,573 (52%)
- Greeks 7,655 (1%)
- Armenians 2,128 (0%)
- Catholics 3,556 (0%)
- other Christians 40,303 (4%)
JEWS 5,375 (0%)
NON-MUSLIM Roma 7,663 (1%)
TOTAL Danube Vilayet 1,141,051 (100%)

The male population of the Danube Vilayet (excluding Niş sanjak) in 1868, according to Kemal Karpat:[5]

Group Population
Christian Bulgarians 490,467
Muslims 359,907

The male population of the Danube Vilayet (excluding Niş sanjak) in 1875, according to Tahrir-i Cedid (the Danube Vilayet printing press):[22]

Community Rusçuk Sanjak Vidin Sanjak Varna Sanjak Tırnova Sanjak Tulça Sanjak Sofya Sanjak Danube Vilayet
Bulgar Millet 114,792 (37%) 131,279 (73%) 21,261 (25%) 148,713 (60%) 10,553 (12%) 179,202 (84%) 605,800 (54%)
Islam Millet 164,455 (53%) 20,492 (11%) 52,742 (61%) 88,445 (36%) 53,059 (61%) 27,001 (13%) 406,194 (36%)
Ermeni Millet 991 (0%) 0 (0%) 808 (1%) 0 (0%) 3,885 (4%) 0 (0%) 5,684 (1%)
Rum Millet 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 3,421 (4%) 494 (0%) 217 (0%) 0 (0%) 4,132 (0%)
Yahudi Millet 1,102 (0%) 1,009 (1%) 110 (0%) 0 (0%) 780 (1%) 2,374 (1%) 5,375 (0%)
Circassian Muhacirs 16,588 (5%) 6,522 (4%) 4,307 (5%) 0 (0%) 2,954 (3%) 202 (0%) 30,573 (3%)
Muslim Roma 9,579 (3%) 2,783 (2%) 2,825 (3%) 6,545 (3%) 139 (0%) 2,964 (1%) 24,835 (2%)
Non-Muslim Roma 1,790 (1%) 2,048 (1%) 331 (0%) 1,697 (1%) 356 (0%) 1,437 (1%) 7,659 (1%)
Vlachs,[a] Catholics, etc. 500 (0%) 14,690 (8%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 15,512 (18%) 0 (0%) 30,702 (3%)
TOTAL 309,797 (100%) 178,823 (100%) 85,805 (100%) 245,894 (100%) 87,455 (100%) 213,180 (100%) 1,120,954 (100%)

The male population of the Danube Vilayet in 1876, according to the Ottoman officer Stanislas Saint Clair:[4]

Community Population
Turk Muslims 457,018 (36%)
Other Muslims 104,639 (8%)
Bulgarian Christians 639,813 (50%)
Armenian Christians 2,128 (0%)
Vlach[a] and Greek Christians 56,647 (4%)
Roma 8,220 (1%)
Jews 5,847 (0%)
TOTAL Danube Vilayet 1,274,282 (100%)

The total population of the Danube Vilayet (including Niş and Sofia sanjaks), according to the 1876 edition of Encyclopaedia Britannica:[23]

Group Population
Bulgarians 1,500,000 (63%)
Turks 500,000 (21%)
Tatars 100,000 (4%)
Circassians 90,000 (4%)
Albanians 70,000 (3%)
Romanians 40,000 (2%)
Roma 25,000 (1%)
Russians 10,000 (0%)
Armenians 10,000 (0%)
Jews 10,000 (0%)
Greeks 8,000 (0%)
Serbs 5,000 (0%)
Germans, Italians, Arabs and others 1,000 (0%)
TOTAL Danube Vilayet 2,369,000 (100%)
Distribution of the population of towns in the Danube Vilayet in 1876 according to Aubaret (excl. Niş sancak)

The total Population of the Danube Vilayet (excluding Niş sanjak) in 1876, estimated by the French consul Aubaret from the register:[24][25]

Community Population
MUSLIMS 1,120,000 (48%)
incl. Turks 774,000 (33%)
incl. Circassians 200,000 (8%)
incl. Tatars 110,000 (5%)
incl. Roma 35,000 (1%)
NON-MUSLIMS 1,233,500 (52%)
incl. Bulgarians 1,130,000 (48%)
incl. Roma 12,000 (1%)
incl. Greeks 12,000 (1%)
incl. Jews 12,000 (1%)
incl. Armenians 2,500 (0%)
incl. Vlachs[a] and others 65,000 (3%)
TOTAL Danube Vilayet 2,353,000 (100%)

The total population of the two mainly Turkish sanjaks of the Danube Vilayet in 1876, according to the French consul Aubaret:[26]

Community Varna Sanjak Rusçuk Sanjak
Turks 92,800 (68%) 388,000 (57%)
Bulgarians 32,200 (24%) 229,500 (34%)
Circassians 33,000 (5%)
Roma 2,900 (2%) 23,500 (3%)
Greeks 6,842 (5%)
Jews 2,200 (0%)
Armenians 2,000 (0%)
Vlachs[a] 1,000 (0%)
TOTAL 136,000 (100%) 680,000 (100%)

Adrianople Vilayet

[edit]

Total population of the Adrianople Vilayet in 1878 according to the Turkish author Kemal Karpat:[5]

Group POPULATION
Bulgarians 40% (526,691)
Other Christians 22% (283,603)
Muslims 39% (503,058) - TOTAL Adrianople Vilayet 100% (1,304,352)

Male population of the Filibe Sancak of the Adrianople Vilayet in 1876 according to the British R. J. Moore: [13] [27]

Turks Muslim Roma Christian Roma Bulgarians Greeks Armenians Jews KAZA TOTAL
Filibe kaza 28% (35,400) 4% (5,474) 0% (495) 63% (80,107) 3% (3,700) 0% (380) 1% (691) 100% (126,247)
Tatar Pazardzhik kaza 23% (10,805) 4% (2,120) 1% (579) 70% (33,395) 1% (300) 0% (94) 1% (344) 100% (47,637)
Hasköy kaza 55% (33,323) 3% (1,548) 0% (145) 42% (25,503) 0% (0) 0% (3) 0% (65) 100% (60,587)
Zagora kaza 20% (6,677) 3% (989) 0% (70) 75% (24,857) 0% (0) 0% (0) 2% (740) 100% (33,333)
Kazanlak kaza 46% (14,365) 4% (1,384) 0% (24) 48% (14,906) 0% (0) 0% (0) 1% (219) 100% (30,898)
Chirpan kaza 24% (5,157) 2% (420) 0% (88) 74% (15,959) 0% (0) 0% (0) 0% (0) 100% (21,624)
Sultan-Jeri kaza 97% (13,336) 1% (159) 0% (0) 2% (262) 0% (0) 0% (0) 0% (0) 100% (13,757)
Akcselebi kaza 59% (8,197) 3% (377) 0% (0) 38% (5,346) 0% (0) 0% (0) 0% (0) 100% (13,920)
TOTAL Filibe Sanjak 37% (127,260) 4% (12,471) 0% (1,401) 58% (200,335) 1% (4,000) 0% (477) 1% (2,059) 100% (348,000)

Male population of İslimiye sanjak of Adrianople Vilayet in 1873 according to Ottoman almanacs: [28]

Community Population
Muslims 37,200 (47%)
Non-Muslims 46,961 (53%)
TOTAL Islimiye sanjak 100% (84,161)

Male population of İslimiye sanjak of Adrianople Vilayet in 1875 according to British R.J. Moore: [4]

Community Population
Muslims 42% (44,747)
Non-Muslims 58% (60,854)
TOTAL Islimiye sanjak 100% (105,601)

Total population of the Sanjak of Gümülcine of the Adrianople Vilayet In the 19th century:

Sanjak Muslims[29] Christian Bulgarians Christian Greeks
Gümülcine 206.914 20.671 15.241

Eastern Rumelia

[edit]

Total population of the later Eastern Rumelia before and after the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 (Drummons-Wolff to Salisbury, 26.09.1878) after forced migration:[5][13]

Population 1875 1878 1879
Muslim Turks 29% (220,000) 16% (90,000) +100.000
Muslim Pomaks 3% (25,000) 4% (25,000)
Muslim Tatars 1% (10,000) 1% (8,000)
Muslim Circassians 1% (10,000) 0% (0)
Muslim Gyspies 3% (25,000) 3% (16,000)
Jews 1% (9,000) 1% (8,000)
Bulgarian Catholics 1% (9,000) 2% (9,000)
Bulgarian Exarchists 53% (400,000) 66% (380,000)
Grecophile Bulgrians 5% (35,000) 5% (30,000)
Greeks 5% (35,000) 5% (30,000)
Greek Vlachs[a] 0% (2,000) 0% (2,000)
Greek Albanians 0% (2,000) 0% (2,000)
Armenians 0% (2,000) 0% (2,000)
TOTAL 100% (760,000) 100% (580,000)

Constantinople Vilayet

[edit]

Population of Istanbul in 1885 according to Stanford Shaw (Male:female):[5]

Group Born in Born outside
Muslim 143.586(M:F 1:2) 241.324(M:F 2:1)
Greeks 68.764 83.977
Armenian Orthodox 78.679 70.991
Bulgarian 46 4331
Catholic 3722 2720
Jewish 42.363 1998
Protestant 225 594
Latin 609 473

Salonika Vilayet

[edit]

Male population of some sanjaks in 1880 according to Earl Granville:[13]

Sanjak Muslims Greeks Patriarchist Bulgarians Exarchist Bulgarians Vlachs[a] Jews
Siroz 54.436 31.820 28.053 15.335 2859 988
Salonika 25.669 61.434 13.099-15.000 15.975 4462 25.473

Male population of some sanjaks in 1878 according to Bulgarian Kusev and Gruev:[13]

Sanjak Muslims Bulgarians Greeks Vlachs[a] Roma Pomaks
Siroz 19.344 70.895 117.226 1812 1170 13873
Salonika 9.441 96.000 113.279 1751 2862-8697

Total population of some sanjaks in 1881 according to Italian Hondros:[13]

Sanjak Turks Greeks Bulgarians Jews Vlachs[a]
Siroz 91.700 66.500 54.580 1520 4150

Total population of some sanjaks according to vice-consul Stanislas Recchioli in 1878:

Sanjak Muslims[5] incl. Turks Christians
Drama 270.998 249.165 413.549

Total

[edit]

Total population according to Abdolonyme Ubicini who based the statistics on the Ottoman census of 1844:[5]

Community in Europe in Asia in Africa
Turks 2,100,000 (14%) 10,700,000 (67%)
Greeks 1,000,000 (6%) 1,000,000 (6%)
Armenians 400,000 (3%) 2,000,000 (12%)
Jews 70,000 (0%) 80,000 (0%)
Slavs 6,200,000 (40%)
Romanians 4,000,000 (26%)
Albanians 1,500,000 (10%)
Tatars 16,000 (0%) 20,000 (0%)
Arabs 900,000 (6%) 3,800,000 (100%)
Assyrians and Chaldeans 235,000 (1%)
Druzes 30,000 (0%)
Kurds 1,000,000 (6%)
Turcomans 85,000 (1%)
Roma 214,000 (1%)
Muslims 4,550,000 (29%) 12,650,000 (79%) 3,800,000 (100%)
Christians 10,640,000 (69%) 3,260,000 (20%)
Jews 70,000 (0%) 80,000 (0%)
Total 15,500,000 (100%) 16,050,000 (100%) 3,800,000 (100%)

Total population according to The New Armenia's 1912 estimation before the Balkan Wars:[30]

Ethnoreligious estimates of total the population
Group Estimate
Turkic peoples 4,000,000 (13%)
Christian Turks 300,000 (1%)
Kurds 2,000,000 (6%)
Lazes 200,000 (1%)
Circassians 1,000,000 (3%)
Chechens 200,000 (1%)
Abaza 100,000 (0%)
Karapapakhs 200,000 (1%)
Georgians 100,000 (0%)
Muslim Albanians 2,500,000 (8%)
Christian Albanians 500,000 (2%)
Arabs 13,000,000 (41%)
Roma 200,000 (1%)
Greeks 3,000,000 (9%)
Armenians 2,000,000 (6%)
Bulgarians 1,000,000 (3%)
Vlachs 200,000 (1%)
Serbs 200,000 (1%)
other European 100,000 (0%)
Jews 400,000 (1%)
Qizilbash 1,000,000 (3%)
Fellah, Tahtadji, etc. 100,000 (0%)
Yazidis 100,000 (0%)
Total 32,000,000 (100%)
Arab estimates
Group Estimate
Hidjazi Arabs and Yemenis 5,000,000 (16%)
Mesopotamian Arabs 3,000,000 (9%)
Tripolitanian Arabs 1,500,000 (5%)
Druze 100,000 (0%)
Syrian 2,000,000 (6%)
Christian Syrians 1,000,000 (3%)
Total Arab population 13,000,000 (100%)
An 1876 map of the Russian diplomat Teplov on the Muslim and Christian population in some kazas concerning the Constantinople Conference.

European part

[edit]

Estimates in some eighteen sources show that the Muslims constituted about 35% of the total Balkan population during the first half of the 19th century, while in the second half of the century the proportion grew to 43%.[5] According to thirty-three sources, the proportion of Turks in the European provinces during the 19th century ranges from 11 to 24 percent; of Greeks from 9 to 16 percent; of Bulgarians from 24 to 39 percent.[5] The Turks made up two thirds of the Muslims in the Danube Vilayet and most of them in the Adrianople Vilayet and Salonika Vilayet.[5] In the more western vilayets, the Muslims were a majority, which consisted usually of Slavs and Albanians. In the Ioannina Vilayet, the Orthodox Christians were dominant, a majority of whom were ethnically Albanian according to Ottoman officials and were also three fourths of the Muslims.[31] In 1867, Salaheddin Bey estimated 595,000 Circassian newcomers and 400,000 Armenians in the European part.[5] Practically all of the Circassians began migrating to Anatolia after the Russian military advances in the last quarter of the century.[5]

Total population of the European part in 1831 according to David Urquhart:[32][5]

Community Population
Muslim Turks 700,000 (7%)
Muslim Albanians 1,066,000 (10%)
Muslim Bosniaks, Tuleman, Pomaks 2,000,000 (19%)
Christian Greeks(excl. Greece) 1,180,000 (11%)
Christian Slavs 4,000,000 (37%)
Christian Albanians 530,000 (5%)
Christian Vlachs[a] 600,000 (6%)
Jews, Armenians, etc. 600,000 (6%)
TOTAL 10,676,000 (100%)
Men of the Albanian tribe at the feast of Saint Nicholas at Bzheta in Shkreli territory, 1908

Total population of the European part in the 1840s according to Auguste Viquesnel:[33]

Ethnic group Total Muslims Christians Jews
Moldo-Wallachians 4,112,105 (27%) 3,976,825 135,280
Bulgarians 3,000,000 (20%) 60,000 2,940,000
Ottomans, Yörüks, Tatars 2,100,000 (14%) 2,100,000
Albanians 1,400,000 (9%) 1,250,000 150,000
Bosnians and Herzegovians 1,300,000 (9%) 600,000 700,000
Serbs 1,004,000 (7%) 15,000 987,600 1,400
Greeks 975,000 (6%) 15,000 960,000
Armenians 400,000 (3%) 400,000
Roma 214,000 (1%) 140,000
Croats 200,000 (1%) 200,000
Montenegrins 100,000 (1%) 100,000
Jews 70,000 (0%) 70,000
Cossacks 9,000 (0%) 9,000
TOTAL 15,184,105 (100%) 4,180,000 10,723,425 206,680

Total population of European part in 1872 according to the military attaché in Constantinople Ritter zur Helle von Samo based on Ottoman province yearbooks:[5]

Vilayet Muslims Non-Muslims
Istanbul (Europe) 285,100 (42%) 400,100 (58%)
Adrianople 503,058 (39%) 801,294 (61%)
Scutari 100,000 (44%) 128,000 (56%)
Prizren 728,286 (61%) 470,868 (39%)
Danube 817,200 (41%) 1,199,230 (59%)
Janina 249,699 (35%) 460,802 (65%)
Salonica 429,410 (35%) 807,928 (65%)
Bosnia 630,456 (51%) 612,000 (49%)
Crete 90,000 (43%) 120,000 (57%)
Istanbul (Asia) 455,500 (57%) 340,500 (43%)
Serbia 4,965 (0%) 1,314,424 (100%)
United Principalities 3,000 (0%) 4,497,000 (100%)
Montenegro 0 (0%) 100,000 (100%)

Total population of the European part in 1876 according to Ernst Georg Ravenstein who relied on several sources including Ottoman statistics:[34][5]

Community Population
Muslim Turks and Tatars 1,388,000 (17%)
Muslim Bulgarians 790,000 (10%)
Muslim Albanians 723,000 (9%)
Muslim Serbs 442,000 (5%)
Muslim Circassians 144,000 (2%)
Muslim Roma 52,000 (1%)
Muslim Greeks 38,000 (0%)
Muslim Arabs 3,000 (0%)
Muslim foreigners 5,000 (0%)
Non-Muslim Bulgarians 2,071,000 (25%)
Non-Muslim Greeks 1,082,000 (13%)
Non-Muslim Serbs 672,000 (8%)
Non-Muslim Albanians 308,000 (4%)
Non-Muslim Romanians 200,000 (2%)
Non-Muslim Armenians 100,000 (1%)
Jews 72,000 (1%)
Non-Muslim foreigenrs 60,000 (1%)
Non-Muslim Roma 52,000 (1%)
Non-Muslim Russians 10,000 (0%)
TOTAL 8,207,000 (100%)

Total population of some sanjaks in 1877 according to Russian diplomat Teplov:[5][35]

Sanjak Bulgarians Non-Bulgarians Muslims Non-Muslims
Vidin 263.000 131.600 39.723 333.317
Tırnova 188.500 112.000 68.199 328.390
Niş 283.000 148.100 72.188 36.0559
Sofia 297.500 189.000 57.789 428.949
Rusçuk 201.025 354.324 268824 290626
Varna 36.000 74.100 64.621 45.875
Tulça 40.570 188.930 103.328 116.203
Total (Danube) 1.310.695 1.198.054 674.672 1.903.919
Islimiye 100.500 186.400 64.459 213.066
Philippopolis 382.500 564.600 318.052 628.770
Total 1.793.695 1.949.054 1.057.183 2.745.755

Population of the sanjaks according to a Greek author: [13]

Sanjak Greeks Bulgarians Muslims Others
Tekirdağ 117.600 19.000 32.000
Gelibolu 98.900 35.000 10.000
Adrianople 171.000 78.320 125.000 35.000
Islimiye 37.100 54.200 54.300 30.000
Filibe 32.000 180.000 120.000 38.000
Drama 42.000 1000 35.000 30.000
Salonika 210.500 59.500 140.000 70.000
Siroz 175.000 20.000 84.000 15.000
Bitola 278.000 60.000 90.000 20.000

Male Population of the parts of the Danube, Adrianople and Salonika vilayets corresponding to the modern Republic of Bulgaria in 1875 according to Totev:[4]

Place Muslims Non-Muslims
Total 687.998 1.053.387
Danube Vilayet 451.680 712.842

Special Reports

[edit]

Arnold J. Toynbee

[edit]

During the World War I; The treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire was a book by Viscount Bryce and Arnold J. Toynbee which compiled statements from eyewitnesses from other countries including Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden, and Switzerland, who similarly attested to Armenians in the Ottoman Empire during 1915–1916. The publication presents Arnold J. Toynbee's analysis on Armenian population in the Ottoman Empire. A summary table of his analysis included in the page 199. In the "vilayet of Van", there were two portions, portions in modern use corresponds to county. As explained by Arnold J. Toynbee in the footprint at page 199, he developed his analysis by excluding certain portions of the province where he said "Armenians were a minor". Arnold Toynbee in finding the ratio of Armenians in vilayet of Van; he removed the values originating from portions of Van (listed in the foot print) where Armenians were in minority. The presented table in page 1999 shows the re-calculated values by Arnold J. Toynbee of these selected provinces using values of the parts (counties, sanjaks) which Armenians were not in minority. The presented map shows the re-calculated values of the stated provinces using values where Armenians are not in minority.

  • Ethnic values of the Six vilayets according to presented data.
    Ethnic values of the Six vilayets according to presented data.

See also

[edit]

Articles discussing the demographics of the Ottoman Empire:

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k The term "Vlachs" may refer to either the Aromanians, the Megleno-Romanians, the Romanians, two of the three or all of them at the same time. It is a term originally used by foreign peoples for the Eastern Romance peoples (which also include the Istro-Romanians, who never lived under the Ottoman Empire), although the Megleno-Romanians have come to internalize it as a self-designation.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Garnett, Lucy Mary Jane. Turkish Life in Town and Country. G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1904. p. 1.
  2. ^ Behar, Cem, ed. 1996. Osmanlı Đmparatorluğu'nun ve Türkiye'nin nüfusu, 1500-1927. Ankara: T.C. Basbakanlık Devlet Đstatistik Enstitüsü = State Institute of Statistics Prime Ministry Republic of Turkey.
  3. ^ Karpat, K.H. (1985). Ottoman population, 1830-1914: demographic and social characteristics. Madison, Wis: University of Wisconsin Pres.
  4. ^ a b c d e [Димитър Аркадиев. ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ В БРОЯ НА НАСЕЛЕНИЕТО ПО БЪЛГАРСКИТЕ ЗЕМИ В СЪСТАВА НА ОСМАНСКАТА ИМПЕРИЯ http://spisaniestatistika.nsi.bg/page/bg/details.php?article_id=84&tab=en] National Statistical Institute
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Karpat, K.H. (1985). Ottoman population, 1830-1914: demographic and social characteristics. Madison, Wis: University of Wisconsin Pres.
  6. ^ (Karpat 1978, pp. 237–274)
  7. ^ (Shaw 1978, pp. 323–338)
  8. ^ Karpat 1985
  9. ^ Studies on Ottoman social and political history, Kemal H. Karpat, p.766, 2002
  10. ^ History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, Stanford Jay Shaw, p.241, 1977
  11. ^ "1914 Ottoman Census table from" (PDF).[permanent dead link‍]
  12. ^ "Makale Takip Sistemi Mobile". Archived from the original on 2018-08-06. Retrieved 2017-01-25.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h Demeter, Gabor. "Ethnic maps as political advertisements and instruments of symbolic nation-building and their role in influencing decision-making from Berlin (1877-1881), to Bucharest (1913)".
  14. ^ a b c d e KOYUNCU, Aşkın. "Population And Demographics In The Danube Province (1864-1877)". www.turkishstudies.net. Archived from the original on 2018-06-12. Retrieved 2018-06-06.
  15. ^ Bŭlgarii︠a︡ 1300-institut︠s︡ii i dŭrzhavna tradit︠s︡ii︠a︡: dokladi na tretii︠a︡ Kongres na Bŭlgarskoto istorichesko druzhestvo, 3-5 oktomvri 1981, p. 326
  16. ^ "Eтнически състав на населението в България. Методологически постановки при установяване на етническия състав" (in Bulgarian). MIRIS - Minority Rights Information System. Archived from the original on 15 July 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2010.
  17. ^ "6.1 European population committee (CDPO)". Council of Europe. p. II. The Demographic Situation of Ethnic/minority Groups 1. Population Size and Growth.
  18. ^ "Full text of "Bulgarien und Ostrumelien: Mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des Zeitraumes von 1878-1886, nebst ..."". B. Elischer. 1886.
  19. ^ Tuna Vi̇lâyeti̇'nde Nüfus Ve Demografi̇ (1864-1877) [Population and Demographics in the Danube Province (1864–1877)] (PDF). pp. 681–682.
  20. ^ Kalionski, Alexei. Communities, Identities and Migrations in Southeast Europe Collected Articles. Anamnesis. ISBN 978-619-90188-4-2, p. 48
  21. ^ Tuna Vi̇lâyeti̇'nde Nüfus Ve Demografi̇ (1864-1877) [Population and Demographics in the Danube Province (1864-1877)] (PDF). p. 695.
  22. ^ Tuna Vi̇lâyeti̇'nde Nüfus Ve Demografi̇ (1864-1877) [Population and Demographics in the Danube Province (1864-1877)] (PDF). p. 717.
  23. ^ Kellogg, Day Otis (1876). Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. J.M. Stoddart. p. 462.
  24. ^ Suleiman, Yasir (2013-12-16). Language and Identity in the Middle East and North Africa. Routledge. p. 102. ISBN 9781136787843.
  25. ^ ENGİN DENİZ TANIR. THE MID-NINETEENTH CENTURY OTTOMAN BULGARIA FROM THE VIEWPOINTS OF THE FRENCH TRAVELERS A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY. pp. 52–55. Archived from the original on 2017-02-02. Retrieved 2017-01-30.
  26. ^ ENGİN DENİZ TANIR. THE MID-NINETEENTH CENTURY OTTOMAN BULGARIA FROM THE VIEWPOINTS OF THE FRENCH TRAVELERS A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY. Archived from the original on 2017-02-02. Retrieved 2017-01-30.
  27. ^ More, R.J., Under the Balkans. Notes of a visit to the district of Philippopolis in 1876. London, 1877.
  28. ^ Hacisalihoglu, Mehmet (2017). "The Rise of Sliven (İslimye) from a Balkan Village to a Province Center in the Ottoman Empire". In Özgür Kolçak (ed.). Turkey and Bulgaria. A Contribution to Balkan Heritage. International Balkan Annual Conference IBAC Book Series 5. Istanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi. pp. 75–100.
  29. ^ "The Geography Of Edirne Province In 19th Century" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2017-01-25.
  30. ^ Oriental World. New Armenia Publishing Company. 1912. pp. 294–297.
  31. ^ Gawrych, George. The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman Rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874-1913, p.24
  32. ^ David Urquhart, Turkey and Its Resources, Its Municipal Organization and Free Trade (London, 1833), pp. 272-73,
  33. ^ ENGİN DENİZ TANIR. THE MID-NINETEENTH CENTURY OTTOMAN BULGARIA FROM THE VIEWPOINTS OF THE FRENCH TRAVELERS A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY. p. 49. Archived from the original on 2017-02-02. Retrieved 2017-01-30.
  34. ^ E. G. Ravenstein, "Distribution of the Population in the Part of Europe Overrun by Turks," The Geographical Magazine 3 (October 1876)
  35. ^ 1877-1878 Osmanlı-Rus Harbi Öncesinde Şarkî Rumeli Nüfusu

Bibliography

[edit]
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