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DI MA-1

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MA-1
Type
Place of originMyanmar
Service history
In service2002–present
Used bySee Users
Wars
Production history
DesignerYisrael Galili of Israel Military Industries[1][a]
Designed1991
ManufacturerKa Pa Sa No. 1
Myanmar Fritz Werner Industries[b]
Produced2002–Present
VariantsSee Variants
Specifications
Mass
  • 4 kg (9 lb) (No Magazine, Mk. I-II)
  • 4.42 kg (10 lb) (No Magazine, Mk. II)
  • 4.66 kg (10 lb) (With Magazine, Mk. I-II)
Length
  • 978 mm (39 in) (Mk. I-II)
  • 1,065 mm (42 in) (Mk. I-II)
  • 508 mm (20 in) (Barrel Length, Mk. II)
Cartridge5.56×45mm NATO
ActionGas-operated, rotating bolt
Rate of fire
  • 950 rounds/min (Mk. I-II)
  • 600-700 rounds/min (Mk. II)
Muzzle velocity950 m/s (3,120 ft/s)
Effective firing range400 m (437 yd)
Feed system
  • 35-, 50-, or 65-round box magazine (Galil-based)
  • 30-round magazine (For Mk. II variants c. 2019)
  • 70 or 100-round drum magazine (MA-2)
  • 10-round magazine (MA-S Mk. I)
  • 20-round magazine (MA-S Mk. II)
Sights
References[3][4][5][6]

The DI MA-1[c] is a family of Myanmar-made assault rifles chambered for 5.56×45mm NATO, produced by the Myanmar Directorate of Defence Industries. They are based on the IMI Galil with some localised modifications produced with assistance from Israel.[8]

The MA rifles are primarily used by the Tatmadaw,[9] although it is also seen with the Myanmar Police Force.[10]

The MA designation on the weapon means Myanmar Army.[11] The series are sometimes erroneously referred to as the EMERK-3.[2]

History

[edit]

The Tatmadaw was armed with the BA63 (Burma Army 63), the Myanma-made version of the Heckler & Koch G3A3 battle rifle[12] made under license agreement with West Germany under the Ka Pa Sa factories in partnership with Fritz Werner Industry Ausrustungen-Gmbh (FRG) and the German Technical Corporation Agency.[13] However, it was considered too heavy for Myanma soldiers to use in jungle warfare.[7]

A team of engineers from IMI reportedly visited Yangon in 1991, helping with preparing the foundation to manufacture the MA-1s.[14][15] Reports cite Israel's support of Myanmar in developing the MA-1 despite repeated denials by Israeli officials based in Myanmar, Singapore and Thailand.[8] According to William Ashton, Israel sought Myanmar out in order to gain international allies due to the constant threat of being surrounded by hostile states in the Middle East.[8]

The MA-series was first spotted in the early 2000s at numerous Tatmadaw Armed Forces Day parades and demonstrations,[16][15] replacing the previous Heckler & Koch G3 rifles that were in service.[7]

By 2009, it was reported that the Tatmadaw was almost fully equipped with the MA series.[7] MA rifles have also been seen usage by the Karen National Liberation Army,[17] Shan State Army (RCSS)[7] and the Ta'ang National Liberation Army,[18] captured from Tatmadaw forces[17] or from defecting soldiers.[19] The Karenni Army has also used MA-1s taken from Myanma soldiers.[20]

From 2014, the Mk II variant is being used by the Tatmadaw as their standard rifle.[21]

Plans were made to fully adopt the DI MA-1 Mk. III, but plans are halted due to quality issues.[22]

In March 2022, the Tatmadaw showcased a new type of the MA-1 Mk. II rifle in the Armed Forces Day parade, which has a telescopic stock and a picatinny rail on the upper receiver.[4] It was supposed to be shown in public in 2020, but was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[4]

In May 2023, MA-1 and MA-3s are used by the PDF in the civil war, captured from Myanma soldiers and police officers.[10]

Design

[edit]
Tatmadaw soldiers in an honor guard holding MA-1s in a rifle salute.

Serial production started in 2002 after signing an agreement with IMI.[7] The assault rifles were mostly made at Ka Pa Sa No 1 or DI-1,[11] a factory located near Inya Lake that serves as the main factory.[7][23]

The MA-1 rifles are made with ventilated handguards and horizontal charging handles, unlike the Galil which has a vertical charging handle.[2] Early models (Mk. I) have curved cheekpieces in the buttstocks with later models (Mk. II) omitting this.[24] MA rifles are compatible with Galil magazines,[2] although they can use polymer magazines.[24] Any MA rifle can use a clone of the Type 81 bayonet if a bayonet lug is present.

They were initially introduced with wooden handguards; early models were made with brown polymer furniture and rounded, smooth pistol grips.[25] Later versions were produced with black furniture and clear cut Galil grips, designated as the Mk II.[26] It also uses synthetic alloys and plastics in its construction.[21]

An indicator for a MA rifle that is optimized to fire rifle grenades is the presence of tall iron sights.[24] The rifles can use the MG-2 rifle grenade.[5]

In an interview back in 2009 with Sai Sheng Murng, the deputy spokesman of the Shan State Army (RCSS), he mentioned that foreign-made 5.56 NATO ammo cannot be used in the MA rifles while Myanma-made ammo can work with foreign assault rifles chambered in the same caliber.[7]

The selectors consist of safe, semi-auto and full-auto mode.[25]

Variants

[edit]

MA-1

[edit]

Standard assault rifle with a bayonet lug for the option to have a bayonet mounted.[2] It's reported by convicted porters under the Tatmadaw that Myanma soldiers would write the battalion number on its stock.[27]

The bipod was not made standard with the MA-1s with the cleaning kit stored in a hollow space in the buttstock. The MA-1s are not equipped with a pistol grip-type safety system.[28]

MA-2

[edit]

Light machine gun version with a heavy barrel and a bipod mounted.[29] It was originally developed without the idea of using a drum magazine, relying on standard capacity magazines,[30] but it can be used with drum magazines.[5]

The handguard has two rows of ventilation holes that are parallel to the barrel.[28] It has a carry handle, long/heavy barrel and bipod.[25]

The bipods used are thin-based for Mk. I versions, but the Mk. II versions are seen with bipods that are cloned from those used for the M60 GPMG.[5]

MA-3

[edit]

Carbine version with a folding metal buttstock.[31] The stock is rarely used due to great difficulty in moving it[28] and to fully depress the lock in order to unfold it.[25] Early models were badly made due to the materials used in its manufacture before they were fully resolved through the Mk II variant.

MA-4

[edit]

A version of the MA-1 equipped with an underbarrel grenade launcher (UBGL),[31] known as the BA203 (Burma Army 203).[32] It is an unlicensed clone of the MKEK T-40.[33][d]

The UBGL is permanently fixed, which cannot be removed.

Mk. II

[edit]

Pre-2019

[edit]

The Mk. II variant saw the use of polymer to replace the black stock of the Mk. I.[5] It was also often equipped with polymer stocks, pistol grips, and fore-ends as standard issue.[25]

Post-2019

[edit]

The newer Mk II variants were shown overseas at the 2019 Defense and Security exhibition in Bangkok, Thailand, which was visited by Min Aung Hlaing.[35] This variant was publicly shown in 2022 with the Tatmadaw with a telescopic stock and picatinny rail on the upper receiver.[4] The new Mk II magazine is based on the South African polymer Vektor R4 magazine.[24] The black moulds used in the newer Mk II variants were allegedly based on moulding materials provided by CAA Industries.[36]

By the Myanmar Civil War of 2021, all Mk. I variants were replaced by the Mk. II.

MA-S

[edit]

Known as Myanmar Army Sniper, a designated marksman rifle variant based on the MA-2.[37] It's chambered in 7.62x51 NATO caliber and fires from a 10-round magazine.[37] There are reports indicating that production may have started as early as 2011 to 2012.[38]

It has a total weight of 5.3 kg, a total length of 1140 mm and a barrel length of 620 mm.[37] The rifle has a muzzle velocity of 852 m/s and an effective range of 1000 meters.[37]

The MA-S consist of a Mk. I and Mk. II version. The Mk. I resembles a Dragunov that can take 10-round magazines[5][37] with a PSO-1 scope.[39] The Mk. II resembles Zastava-based rifles that can take 20-round magazines.[5]

The Mk. II has a picatinny rail under the gas block to install a bipod.[5] It comes in two colors; green or black furniture.[5] A version of the Mk. II in a camo finish was on display at the 2019 Defence and Security arms fair.[5]

There is a MA-S variant made for Tatmadaw soldiers participating in overseas shooting competitions such as the ASEAN Armies Rifle Meet.[40]

Users

[edit]
  •  Myanmar: Widely used by the Tatmadaw and the Myanmar Police.

Non-State Actors

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Minor adaptions were made to the original Israeli Galil design.
  2. ^ Some sources mention this company is responsible for manufacturing the MA rifles.[2]
  3. ^ Sometimes known as the MA1.[7]
  4. ^ Other sources mention that it's an unlicensed clone of the M203.[34]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Yisrael Galili, Weapons Inventor, 72". The New York Times. 11 March 1995.
  2. ^ a b c d e Roodhorst (2015), p. 1399.
  3. ^ "MA-1".
  4. ^ a b c d "或将在缅甸第77个武装部队日亮相的缅军新式Ma突击步枪_型号_系列_榴弹发射器". Sohu.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j https://www.myanmarwitness.org/_files/ugd/06ca64_9dbcff31640547f3bd747fe8c86e6c6c.pdf
  6. ^ https://www.toutiao.com/article/7147865835078550051/
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h Lawi Weng. "Burmese Army Equipped with New Arms". Irrawaddy. Archived from the original on November 8, 2023. Retrieved 2021-04-15.
  8. ^ a b c William Ashton (2000-03-01). "Myanmar and Israel develop military pact" (PDF). Jane's Intelligence Review. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-02-05. Retrieved 2018-08-06.
  9. ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/interactive/2021/myanmar-crackdown-military-coup/
  10. ^ a b "Myanmar PDFs getting the guns to turn the war". 19 May 2023. Archived from the original on 2024-02-27.
  11. ^ a b "Toys for the Boys". Asia Pacific Solidarity Network. Archived from the original on 2016-06-23. Retrieved 2018-07-26.
  12. ^ Human Rights Watch. "Burma Government and Army". Archived from the original on 2008-10-20. Retrieved 2018-08-03.
  13. ^ Roman Decker (November 2007). ""Strong and Fast": German Arms in Burma". Archived from the original on 2018-07-25. Retrieved 2018-08-03.
  14. ^ "Critical Supplies - Special Advisory Council for Myanmar". 14 January 2023.
  15. ^ a b https://web.archive.org/web/20230412025211/https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/216586/1/136_Burma%E2%80%99s_secret_military_partners_%28Canberra_papers_on_strategy_and_defence%29_Andrew_Selth_86p_0731527755.pdf
  16. ^ Ian McCollum, Rob Stott, Larry Vickers (January 1, 2019). Vickers Guide: Kalashnikov (Volume 2).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)[page needed]
  17. ^ a b "KAREN NATIONAL LIBERATION ARMY SITUATION REPORT" (PDF). p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2023.
  18. ^ "Burma Conflict Blog". www.dictatorwatch.org. Archived from the original on November 8, 2023.
  19. ^ "Burma Human Rights Handbook" (PDF). 2008. p. 14. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 7, 2022.
  20. ^ "Inside Myanmar's civil war: A photojournalist's journey to the front …".
  21. ^ a b Thứ Ba (2014-11-25). "Súng trường MA-1 Mark II của Myanmar vượt trội M16 của Mỹ?, Page 3" (in Vietnamese). Bao Dat Viet. Archived from the original on 2014-12-28. Retrieved 2018-06-08.
  22. ^ "無托步槍真香？緬甸山寨97式大批量裝備部隊，亞洲兩國幫了大忙" (in Chinese). 2020-10-22.
  23. ^ "BURMA'S WMD PROGRAMME AND MILITARY COOPERATION BETWEEN BURMA AND THE DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF KOREA" (PDF). p. 60. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2023.
  24. ^ a b c d "Burmese Rifle Grenades of the Infantry MA Series of Rifles". 17 August 2018.
  25. ^ a b c d e "BURMESE SMALL ARMS DEVELOPMENT - Small Arms Review". 26 August 2009.
  26. ^ Duong Minh (2014-11-23). "Súng trường Myanmar tự làm xuất hiện tại Việt Nam" (in Vietnamese). Soha. Archived from the original on 2018-07-29. Retrieved 2018-08-03.
  27. ^ https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1176422/1788_1311008144_burma0711-onlineversion.pdf
  28. ^ a b c Johnson & Nelson (2016), p. 215.
  29. ^ Roodhorst (2015), p. 1400.
  30. ^ "这款轻机枪在缅甸战争中使用最为广泛 供弹却常用步枪弹匣而不是弹鼓" (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-08-03. Retrieved 2018-08-03.
  31. ^ a b Roodhorst (2015), p. 1401.
  32. ^ "MA-4".
  33. ^ "The Kachin Kalashnikov in Myanmar". 24 July 2018.
  34. ^ "设计奇葩却很实用的缅甸Ma-4步枪". Sohu.
  35. ^ "或将在缅甸第77个武装部队日亮相的缅军新式Ma突击步枪".
  36. ^ "Israel's CAA Industries Ltd suspected to have aided and abetted the Myanmar military's international crimes | Justice for Myanmar".
  37. ^ a b c d e "不可忽视的战场幽灵 缅甸自制MA-S狙击步枪" (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-07-29. Retrieved 2018-07-29.
  38. ^ "MA-Sniper Development Continues: Production and Issue". 13 September 2018.
  39. ^ "The MA-Sniper: Early Burmese Army Designated Marksman Rifle Development". 30 August 2018.
  40. ^ "Burmese MA-Sniper Modified for AARM Marksmanship Competition". 10 September 2018.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Johnson, Gary Paul; Nelson, Thomas B. (2016-12-15). The World's Assault Rifles. Ironside International Publishers. ISBN 9781619846012.
  • Roodhorst, Cor (2015). The Kalashnikov Encyclopedia: Recognition and Weapon Forensic Guide for Kalashnikov Arms and Derivatives II: Italy–Russia. Netherlands: Roodhorst Publications. ISBN 978-90-9027549-9.


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