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Borders of China

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Map of China and its borders within Asia
Style of China's boundary marker.
Sino-Russian border railway port at Manzhouli.
Models of the Sino-Russian border port in Manzhouli from various historical periods displayed in the square.
The northernmost point of China, north of Mohe in Heilongjiang, with Russia on the other side of the fence.
Aerial view of Sinuiju in North Korea from Dandong, China, with the Sino-Korean Friendship Bridge and the Yalu River on the China-North Korea border.
Chung Ying Street at the border of Shenzhen and Hong Kong
Border guard booth on Lovers South Road in Zhuhai, with Macao
The Red River, the border between China and Vietnam.
The Sino-Nepalese border passes through Mount Everest.
The Khunjerab Pass, at the border between China and Pakistan.
China's northernmost border in the middle of the Amur River north of Mohe City

The People's Republic of China (PRC) shares land borders with 14 countries (tied with Russia for the most in the world): North Korea, Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Laos, and Vietnam. The land borders, in counterclockwise order from northeast to southwest, include the China–North Korea border, the eastern segment of the China–Russia border, the China–Mongolia border, the western segment of the China–Russia border (the most contested of the Sino-Indian border dispute), the China–Kazakhstan border, the China–Kyrgyzstan border, the China–Tajikistan border, the China–Afghanistan border, the China–Pakistan border, the western segment of the China–India border, the China–Nepal border, the central segment of the China–India border (Sikkim), the China–Bhutan border, the eastern segment of the China–India border, the China–Myanmar border, the China–Laos border, the China–Vietnam border. In addition, there is a 30-kilometre (19 mi) internal border with the special administrative region of Hong Kong, which was a British dependency before 1997, and a 3-kilometre (1.9 mi) internal border with Macau, a Portuguese territory until 1999.

To the west, PRC has maritime borders with North Korea, Japan and contested limits with Taiwan and other countries in the South China Sea, among other territorial disputes of the People's Republic of China.

At 22,457 kilometres (13,954 mi),[1] China has the longest land borders of any country.

Land border by polity

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Below is a table of countries and territories that share a land border with China around its perimeter. In parentheses are their lengths in miles.[2]

Country Length
 North Korea 1,416 km (880 mi)
 Russia 3,645 km (2,265 mi)
 Mongolia 4,678 km (2,907 mi)
 Kazakhstan 1,533 km (953 mi)
 Kyrgyzstan 858 km (533 mi)
 Tajikistan 414 km (257 mi)
 Afghanistan 76 km (47 mi)
 Pakistan 596 km (370 mi)
 India 3,488 km (2,167 mi)[a]
   Nepal 1,440 km (890 mi)
 Bhutan 470 km (290 mi)[b]
 Myanmar 2,185 km (1,358 mi)
 Laos 423 km (263 mi)
 Vietnam 1,283 km (797 mi)

China Rim

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See also: Necklace of Diamonds, Indo-Pacific, and Asia-Pacific

The region of all countries bordering China is sometimes referred to by scholars as the China Rim,[3][4][5] or simply as China's periphery (Chinese: 中国周边).[6] The China Rim plays a significant role in competition between other countries and China, as is the case with America's China Containment Policy.[7] Significant competition took place between America and China in the region after the middle of the 20th century.[8][9][10] Currently, a greater level of scrutiny and competition are happening around the maritime portion of the rim (particularly Taiwan and Maritime Southeast Asia).[11]

Relevant treaties

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External link: 中俄边界谈判史

Since 1689, the relevant treaties on the boundary of China are:

contracting country Gregorian date Full name of treaty
Qing dynastyRussian Empire 7 September 1689 Treaty of Nerchinsk[c]
year 1727 Treaty of Kiakhta [c]
28 May 1858 Aihui Treaty
14 November 1860 Beijing Treaty [c]
7 October 1864 Record of Sino-Russian Exploration and Demarcations in the Northwest
1869, 1883 Cobb Convention [c]
1870 Uriasutay Convention [c]
1870, 1883 Talbahatay Convention [c]
1870, 1882 The Ili Boundary Convention [c]
year 1882 Northeast Kashgar Boundary Convention [c]
year 1883 Arakbek Estuary Boundary Convention [c]
year 1884 Northwest Kashgar Boundary Convention [c]
Qing dynastyBritish Empire 1890 Sino-British Treaty of Tibet and India [c]
Qing dynasty Japan 1909 Terms of the Korea-Korea Boundary on the Tumen River [c]
Qing dynastyRussian Empire 20 December 1911 Manzhouli Boundary Convention
China 4 September 1958 Statement of the Government of the People's Republic of China on the Territorial Sea
China Myanmar 28 January 1960 Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Union of Myanmar on the Boundary Question between the two countries
14 May 1960 Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Union of Myanmar on the Boundary Question between the two countries
1 October 1960 Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the Union of Myanmar
4 January 1961 Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the Union of Myanmar
ChinaNepal 5 October 1961 Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the Kingdom of Nepal
ChinaMyanmar 13 October 1961 Protocol between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Union of Myanmar concerning the Boundary between the two countries
ChinaNorth Korea 12 October 1962 Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
ChinaMongolia 26 December 1962 Sino-Korean Border Agreement, Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the People's Republic of Mongolia
ChinaPakistan 2 March 1963 China-Pakistan Boundary Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of Pakistan Concerning the Boundary Bordering Xinjiang of China and Various Areas under Pakistan's Effective Control for Defense
ChinaMongolia 25 March 1963 Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the People's Republic of Mongolia
ChinaAfghanistan 22 November 1963 Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the Kingdom of Afghanistan, or Sino-Afghan boundary treaty
ChinaNorth Korea 20 March 1964 Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
20 March 1964 Sino-Korean Border Agreement, Protocol between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea Concerning the China-Korea Boundary
China 10 December 1982 Signing of United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (including the People's Republic of China)
ChinaUnited Kingdom 19 December 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration, or Joint Declaration of the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland on the Question of Hong Kong
ChinaPortugal 13 April 1987 China-Portugal Joint Statement of the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Portuguese Republic on the Question of Macao
ChinaSoviet Union 16 May 1991 Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Eastern Section of the Sino-Soviet Border
ChinaLaos 24 October 1991 Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the Lao People's Democratic Republic
21 January 1992

Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the Lao People's Democratic Republic

China 25 February 1992 Law of the People's Republic of China on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone
ChinaSoviet Union 16 March 1992

Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Eastern Section of the Sino-Soviet Border

ChinaLaos 31 January 1993 Protocol between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Lao People's Democratic Republic Concerning the Boundary between the two countries
ChinaLaos 3 December 1993 Treaty on the Boundary Regime between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Lao People's Democratic Republic
China Russia Mongolia 27 January 1994 Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China, the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of Mongolia on Determining the Boundary Points of the Three Countries
China Laos Mongolia 8 April 1994 Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Lao People's Democratic Republic and the Government of the Union of Myanmar on Determining the Tri-Junction
11 October 1995 Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Lao People's Democratic Republic and the Government of the Union of Myanmar on Determining the Tri-Junction
ChinaLaos 12 August 1994 Treaty on the Boundary Regime between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Lao People's Democratic Republic
ChinaKazakhstan 26 April 1994 Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Kazakhstan on the China-Kazakhstan Boundary
ChinaRussia 3 September 1994 Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation Concerning the Western Section of the China-Russia Boundary
China 16 November 1994 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (including the People's Republic of China)
ChinaRussia 17 October 1995 Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation concerning the Western Section of the China-Russia Boundary
China 15 May 1996 Statement of the Government of the People's Republic of China on the baselines of the Territorial Sea of the People's Republic of China
China Russia Mongolia 24 June 1996 Protocol between the Government of the People's Republic of China, the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of Mongolia Concerning the Description of the Western Boundary Point of the Three Countries
24 June 1996 Signed the Protocol between the Government of the People's Republic of China, the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of Mongolia Concerning the Description of the Eastern Junction of the Tri-Border
ChinaKyrgyzstan 4 July 1996 Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Kyrgyz Republic Concerning the Boundary Area between China and the Kyrgyz Republic
ChinaLaos 26 August 1997 Protocol supplementing to the Treaty on the Boundary Regime between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Lao People's Democratic Republic
China Kazakhstan 24 September 1997 Supplementary Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Kazakhstan on the China-Kazakhstan Boundary
4 July 1998 Supplementary Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Kazakhstan Concerning the China-Kazakhstan Boundary Area (1998)
ChinaNorth KoreaRussia 3 November 1998 Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China, the Government of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Government of the Russian Federation Concerning the Demarcation Line of the Waters of the Three Countries along the Tumen River
China 29 April 1999 Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on the Approval of the "Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China, the Government of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Government of the Russian Federation Concerning the Demarcation Line of the Waters of the Three Countries along the Tumen River"
China Russia Kazakhstan 5 May 1999 Agreement between the People's Republic of China, the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan Concerning the Determination of the Boundary Points of the Tripartite State Border
ChinaTajikistan 13 August 1999 Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Tajikistan Concerning the China-Tajikistan Boundary
ChinaKyrgyzstanKazakhstan 25 August 1999 Agreement between the People's Republic of China, the Kyrgyz Republic and the Republic of Kazakhstan Concerning the Boundary Points of the Three Countries
ChinaKyrgyzstan 26 August 1999 Supplementary Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Kyrgyz Republic Concerning the National Boundary between China and the Kyrgyz Republic
ChinaVietnam 30 December 1999 Treaty on the Land Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam
China 29 April 2000 Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on Ratifying the Treaty on the Land Boundary between the People's Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam
ChinaTajikistanKyrgyzstan 5 July 2000 Agreement between the People's Republic of China, the Republic of Tajikistan and the Kyrgyz Republic Concerning the Tri-Border Points
ChinaVietnam 25 December 2000 Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam on the Delimitation of the Territorial Sea, Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf between the two countries in the Beibu Gulf
ChinaTajikistan 17 May 2002 Supplementary Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Tajikistan concerning the China-Tajikistan Boundary
China Korea Russia 20 June 2002 Protocol between the Government of the People's Republic of China, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Government of the Russian Federation Concerning the Description of the Boundary Points of the People's Republic of China, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Russian Federation on the Tumen River
29 March 2003 Protocol between the Government of the People's Republic of China, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Government of the Russian Federation Concerning the Description of the Boundary Points of the People's Republic of China, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Russian Federation on the Tumen River
China 25 June 2004 Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on ratifying the "Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam on the Delimitation of the Territorial Sea, Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf in the Beibu Gulf"
ChinaRussia 14 October 2004 Supplementary Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation concerning the Eastern Section of the National Boundary between China and Russia
2 June 2005 Supplementary Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation concerning the Eastern Section of the National Boundary between China and Russia
ChinaVietnamLaos 10 October 2006 Treaty of the People's Republic of China, the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam and the Lao People's Democratic Republic on Determining the Boundary Points of the Three Countries
China 28 February 2007 Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on ratifying the "Treaty of the People's Republic of China, the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam and the Lao People's Democratic Republic on Determining the Boundary Points of the Three Countries", Identifying the Three Countries Decision of the Treaty on Border Crossings
China Tajikistan Afghanistan 5 June 2012 The Agreement between the People's Republic of China, the Republic of Tajikistan and the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan on Determining the Boundary Points of the Three Countries
China 10 September 2012 Statement of the Government of the People's Republic of China on the baselines of the territorial sea of the Diaoyu Dao and its Affiliated Islands
China Tajikistan Afghanistan 14 December 2014 Agreement between the People's Republic of China, the Republic of Tajikistan and the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan on Determining the Boundary Points of the Three Countries
China Philippines July 2016 China Adheres to the Position of Settling Through Negotiation the Relevant Disputes Between China and the Philippines in the South China Sea

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ In three sections, separated by Nepal and Bhutan; depends on the resolution of Sino-Indian border dispute, and disputes between India and Pakistan
  2. ^ Depends on the resolution of territorial disputes between Bhutan and China
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l The legal land boundary of the Republic of China is still based on these treaties.

References

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  1. ^ "China", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, retrieved 9 June 2024
  2. ^ CIA: The World Factbook, China
  3. ^ S, Fletcher (2005). "Energy competition seen raising tension in'China Rim'". Oil & Gas Journal (in Korean). 103 (17): 40.
  4. ^ Pyatt, T. Roger (June 1995). "Business Networks and Dyad Studies: Theory and Practice in Southeast Asia". Asia Pacific Business Review. 1 (4): 1–14. doi:10.1080/13602389500000013. ISSN 1360-2381.
  5. ^ Weirauch, Wendy (1 November 2005). "Producer's viewpoint: petrochemicals outlook in a changing world". Hydrocarbon Processing. 84 (11): 25–26.
  6. ^ Lanteigne, Marc (28 June 2019). Chinese Foreign Policy: An Introduction. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-79543-5.
  7. ^ Blanchard, Jean-Marc F.; Shen, Simon (20 February 2015). Conflict and Cooperation in Sino-US Relations: Change and Continuity, Causes and Cures. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-66427-7.
  8. ^ Freeman, Carla (1 January 2021). "12. China's Periphery: A Rift Zone in U.S.-China Relations". Engaging China: 335–364. doi:10.7312/thur20128-012. ISBN 978-0-231-55402-2.
  9. ^ Cumings, Bruce (1999). "The American Century and the Third World". Diplomatic History. 23 (2): 355–370. doi:10.1111/1467-7709.00169. ISSN 0145-2096. JSTOR 24913744.
  10. ^ Huck, Arthur (1979). "Review of China and the Major Powers in East Asia.; China and America.; Dragon and Eagle". Pacific Affairs. 52 (1): 110–113. doi:10.2307/2757771. ISSN 0030-851X. JSTOR 2757771.
  11. ^ Sutter, Robert (2015). "More American Attention to Taiwan Amid Heightened Competition with China". American Journal of Chinese Studies. 22 (1): 1–16. ISSN 2166-0042. JSTOR 44289071.
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