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African diaspora in Finland

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African diaspora in Finland
Total population
At least 57,496[a]
(1.0% of the population of Finland in 2020)[b]
Regions with significant populations
Mostly in Uusimaa (Helsinki (Kallahti), Espoo, Vantaa), Turku, Vaasa and Porvoo
Languages
Numerous;

The African diaspora in Finland (Finnish: afrikkalaisten diaspora Suomessa) refers to the residents of Finland of full or partial African ancestry, mostly from Sub-Saharan Africa. According to Statistics Finland, the total number of people in Finland with a close African background[a] (Africans in Finland; Suomen afrikkalaiset) was 57,496 in 2020.[3]

The distinct adjacent term Afro-Finns (afrosuomalaiset), also referred to as Black Finns (mustat suomalaiset),[4][5][6][7] can be used for Finns whose lineages are fully or partly in the populations of Sub-Saharan Africa ("Black Africa").[8][9] Afro-Finns have lived in Finland since the 19th century, and in 2009, according to Yle, there were an estimated 20,000 Afro-Finns in Finland.[10]

History

[edit]
Corporal Holger Sonntag in 1944

Finns reacted to the first Africans in Finland with curiosity and amazement.[11] During the 19th century, there were some Africans from the Americas who worked as servants for wealthy Russians in the Grand Duchy of Finland.[4] The first known African who received Finnish citizenship was Rosa Lemberg who came to Finland from Ovamboland in 1888 and received Finnish citizenship in 1899.[12][13]

Between the 1900s and the 1970s, the few Africans in Finland were mostly either students (for example from Nigeria and Ethiopia), political exiles from South Africa or people married to Finns.[4] In World War II (1939–1945), there were some Afro-Finnish soldiers, and among them were Private 1st Class Rudolf Prüss [fi], who served as a ski patrol leader in the Karelian Isthmus and was killed in the Winter War, and Corporal Holger Sonntag, who was of African-American and German descent and served as a driver in both the Winter War and Continuation War.[14]

In 1990, during the Somali Civil War, the first Somali refugees arrived in Finland.[15][16] After that, due to their high total fertility rate and the high number of Somali family reunifications, quota refugees and asylum seekers, they rapidly became the largest African group in Finland.[17][18] During the 2003 FIFA U-17 World Championship held in Finland, most of the Sierra Leone national under-17 football team's players defected to Finland due to their country's poor conditions after a civil war that had ended a year earlier.[19]

Nowadays most people of African ancestry come to Finland from Africa, but many have also come from the United States, Latin America and other European countries. Especially Americans and British people of African ancestry have moved to Finland, mostly through marriage.[20]

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
YearPop.±%
19901,720—    
19957,831+355.3%
200011,802+50.7%
200517,793+50.8%
201029,041+63.2%
201542,689+47.0%
201646,113+8.0%
201748,749+5.7%
201851,645+5.9%
201954,450+5.4%
202057,496+5.6%
Source: Statistics Finland[3]

As of 31 December 2020, according to Statistics Finland, the total number of people in Finland with a close African background[a] is 57,496, which is 1.0% of the population of Finland.[b] 47,041 (81.8%) of them are from Sub-Saharan Africa.[c] 32,511 (56.5%) of them are men, while 24,985 (43.5%) are women.[3]

Countries of origin

[edit]
Origins of people with a close African background[a][3]
Country Population (1990) Population (2020)
Total 1,720 57,496
 Somalia 49 22,534
 Nigeria 89 4,150
 DR Congo 6 3,965
 Morocco 395 3,899
 Ethiopia 108 2,967
 Ghana 67 2,479
 Sudan 11 2,013
 Kenya 71 1,845
 Egypt 195 1,683
 Cameroon 4 1,641
 Algeria 210 1,437
 Eritrea 1 1,288
 The Gambia 23 1,207
 Tunisia 145 1,128
 Angola 3 678
 Tanzania 56 622
 South Africa 54 516
 Uganda 7 377
 Rwanda 2 360
 Libya 19 295
 Senegal 10 271
 Zambia 27 258
 Liberia 6 187
 Sierra Leone 20 186
 Republic of the Congo 17 172
 Ivory Coast 12 169
 Namibia 66 151
 Zimbabwe 7 143
 Guinea 4 141
 Burundi 3 140
 Togo 3 110
 Mozambique 5 68
 Mauritius 12 50
 Burkina Faso 0 33
 Mauritania 0 32
 Benin 1 29
 Niger 1 29
 Mali 3 28
 Djibouti 0 27
 Malawi 2 26
 Madagascar 0 21
 Botswana 0 18
 Gabon 0 17
 Central African Republic 0 16
 Equatorial Guinea 0 16
 South Sudan N/A[d] 16
 Cape Verde 2 14
 Guinea-Bissau 0 14
 Comoros 1 8
 Eswatini 1 8
 Chad 2 7
 Seychelles 0 7
 Lesotho 0 0
 São Tomé and Príncipe 0 0

Countries with a significant African diaspora

[edit]

The following countries outside Africa have a majority population of Afro-descendants (90% or more of the country's total population)[21] and, as of 31 December 2020, a total of 127 expatriates or close descendants[e] in Finland:[3]

African languages

[edit]
Speakers of languages of African origin[22]
Language Speakers (2020)
Total 36,150
Somali 22,794
Swahili 2,560
Amharic 1,662
Tigrinya 1,662
Kinyarwanda 1,226
Yoruba 1,044
Igbo 938
Lingala 929
Twi 670
Akan 487
Wolof 336
Kikuyu 282
Hausa 223
Fula 174
Oromo 174
Kongo 156
Luganda 137
Afrikaans 119
Ewe 118
Shona 71
Chewa 69
Kirundi 67
Afar 52
Luba-Katanga 52
Ndonga 49
Bambara 17
Zulu 16
Malagasy 11
Tswana 10
Sango 9
Northern Ndebele 8
Kwanyama 5
Kanuri 4
Southern Sotho 4
Swazi 4
Herero 3
Southern Ndebele 3
Xhosa 3
Venda 2

Distribution

[edit]
Ten largest populations of people with a close African background[a] by municipality[3]
No. Municipality Population (2020) %
1. Helsinki 22,138 3.4%
2. Espoo 7,737 2.6%
3. Vantaa 7,520 3.2%
4. Turku 3,370 1.7%
5. Tampere 2,319 1.0%
6. Oulu 1,689 0.8%
7. Vaasa 1,474 2.2%
8. Jyväskylä 1,023 0.7%
9. Lahti 748 0.6%
10. Kuopio 552 0.5%

In Kallahti, a neighborhood of Helsinki, 9.8% of the population consists of Africans.[23][full citation needed]

On 31 December 2020, the region with the most people with a close African background[a] was Uusimaa with 39,987 people (2.4% of the region's total population), which is 69.6% of their total population in Finland.[24]

Citizenships

[edit]

On 31 December 2020, there were 19,544 people who had dual citizenship of Finland and an African country.[25]

Citizens of African countries who received Finnish citizenship by year:[26]

  • 1990 – 70
  • 1991 – 101
  • 1992 – 104
  • 1993 – 67
  • 1994 – 56
  • 1995 – 81
  • 1996 – 120
  • 1997 – 180
  • 1998 – 788
  • 1999 – 1,365
  • 2000 – 522
  • 2001 – 406
  • 2002 – 419
  • 2003 – 403
  • 2004 – 426
  • 2005 – 605
  • 2006 – 658
  • 2007 – 671
  • 2008 – 891
  • 2009 – 466
  • 2010 – 368
  • 2011 – 400
  • 2012 – 1,559
  • 2013 – 1,923
  • 2014 – 1,750
  • 2015 – 1,946
  • 2016 – 2,137
  • 2017 – 2,448
  • 2018 – 1,904
  • 2019 – 1,499
  • 2020 – 1,250

People born in Africa who received Finnish citizenship by year:[27]

  • 1990 – 37
  • 1991 – 87
  • 1992 – 86
  • 1993 – 42
  • 1994 – 58
  • 1995 – 78
  • 1996 – 117
  • 1997 – 175
  • 1998 – 559
  • 1999 – 829
  • 2000 – 332
  • 2001 – 275
  • 2002 – 306
  • 2003 – 290
  • 2004 – 329
  • 2005 – 387
  • 2006 – 397
  • 2007 – 426
  • 2008 – 627
  • 2009 – 329
  • 2010 – 279
  • 2011 – 297
  • 2012 – 1,043
  • 2013 – 1,344
  • 2014 – 1,350
  • 2015 – 1,447
  • 2016 – 1,590
  • 2017 – 1,844
  • 2018 – 1,480
  • 2019 – 1,231
  • 2020 – 972

Asylum seekers

[edit]

1990–2013

[edit]

From 1990 to 2013, a total of 14,481 African citizens sought asylum in Finland, which was 22.4% out of the total of 64,536 asylum seekers. African asylum seekers by country of citizenship:

There were not asylum seekers from Cape Verde, the Comoros, São Tomé and Príncipe or Seychelles.[28]

2015–2020

[edit]

From January 2015 to August 2020, there were a total of 7,935 African citizens who sought asylum in Finland; 14.6% out of the total of 54,520 asylum seekers. African asylum seekers by country of citizenship:

There were not asylum seekers from Botswana, Djibouti, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, São Tomé and Príncipe or Seychelles.[29]

Adoptions

[edit]

From 1987 to 2019, a total of 911 people were adopted from Africa to Finland. 843 (92.5%) of them were from the countries of South Africa (508, 55.8%), Ethiopia (287, 31.5%) and Kenya (48, 5.3%).[30]

Adoptees from Africa by year:[30]

  • 1987 – 11
  • 1988 – 19
  • 1989 – 5
  • 1990 – 9
  • 1991 – 12
  • 1992 – 12
  • 1993 – 16
  • 1994 – 19
  • 1995 – 14
  • 1996 – 11
  • 1997 – 13
  • 1998 – 15
  • 1999 – 14
  • 2000 – 22
  • 2001 – 11
  • 2002 – 28
  • 2003 – 28
  • 2004 – 30
  • 2005 – 35
  • 2006 – 34
  • 2007 – 44
  • 2008 – 48
  • 2009 – 66
  • 2010 – 53
  • 2011 – 71
  • 2012 – 48
  • 2013 – 43
  • 2014 – 47
  • 2015 – 41
  • 2016 – 16
  • 2017 – 30
  • 2018 – 20
  • 2019 – 26

Marriages and cohabitation

[edit]

On 31 December 2020, there were 4,589 Finnish citizens who were either married to or registered as cohabiting with citizens of African countries. 2,809 (61.2%) of the Finnish citizens were women and 1,780 (38.8%) were men; for both sexes the largest groups of partners were Somalian, Moroccan and Nigerian citizens. The next largest groups for Finnish women were Gambian and Ghanaian citizens, and for Finnish men Ethiopian and Kenyan citizens.[31][32] On the same date, there were 4,725 African-born people who were either married to or registered as cohabiting with people born in Finland; 3,718 (78.7%) of the people born in Finland were women, while 1,007 (21.3%) were men.[33][34]

Afro-Finnish identity, culture and media

[edit]

According to an estimate in 2009 by Yle, there are 20,000 Afro-Finns in Finland, and thus, they compose a much larger ethnic minority than many other prominent large minorities in Finland, such as the Sami or Romani. The identity of Afro-Finns varies; some consider themselves Finns, while others have their own separate identity.[10] Some actively cherish their connections to Africa through their African relatives and cultures, while for others their connections to Africa are more distant but still relevant to them.[20]

In 2013, the dance performance Noir? by Sonya Lindfors [fi] became the first fully Afro-Finnish dance performance when it premiered at Zodiak – Center for New Dance [fi] in Helsinki.[35] Held annually since 2018, the Afrofinns Achievement Awards—presented by Afrofinns ry, an organization for "Finns and everyone else with African heritage living in Finland"—acknowledges, honors and celebrates the contribution of the Afro-community in Finland.[36][37][38][39] In 2020, Kelly Kalonji [fi], Miss Helsinki [fi] 2013 and celebrity, and Obi-West Utchaychukwu, the editor-in-chief of Diaspora Glitz Magazine, founded the beauty pageant The Face of African Queen for young women of African ancestry living in Finland.[40][41]

Established in 1993, the magazine SCANDI-B was targeted to Black people in the Nordic countries. Printed in Raisio, Finland, it had a circulation of 7,000 in 1993 with Lammin Sullay [fi] as the editor-in-chief.[42] In 2010, Yle broadcast the three-episode documentary television series Afro-Suomen historia ("The history of Afro-Finland") about early Afro-Finns.[6][10] The multimedia Ruskeat Tytöt [fi] ("Brown Girls") focuses on Afro-Finns and other people of colour in Finland.[43][44][45] Its six-episode Afrosuomen historiaa etsimässä ("In search of history of Afro-Finland") podcast's first episode was broadcast on Radio Helsinki [fi] in 2017.[5] The Afro-Finnish Diaspora Glitz Magazine won the category of Best Media at the 2019 Afrofinns Achievement Awards.[46]

Racism

[edit]
See also: Racism in Finland

During the 1952 Summer Olympics held in Helsinki, Finland, some warned Finnish women against taking an interest in "exotic" athletes and pressured Finnish women to "act appropriately" within the vicinity of black people, "neekerit".[11] The Finnish word neekeri (cognate with negro) was long considered a neutral equivalent for "negro". In 2002, the usage notes of neekeri shifted from "perceived as derogatory by some" to "generally derogatory" in the dictionary Kielitoimiston sanakirja, edited by the Institute for the Languages of Finland.[47]

Nationwide racism started to grow after the first Somali refugees arrived in Finland in the 1990s during the Somali Civil War. Finnish skinheads perpetrated attacks against Africans, and especially the city of Joensuu in eastern Finland grew to be an infamous center of racism [fi]. In the municipality of Nastola in southern Finland, the police had to protect the local refugee center from the violence of the locals, as they committed a shooting. Other incidents included a bomb that detonated in a refugee center in Valkeala, a municipality in southeast Finland, and an attack by skinheads against Somalis in Hakunila, Vantaa, in southern Finland.[6]

In the late 20th century and the 21st century, some ethnic Finnish women married to or cohabiting with younger black men have faced discrimination as they are sometimes stereotyped as sex tourists in Finnish society.[48][49][50][51][52]

According to the study "Being Black in the EU" by the Fundamental Rights Agency published in 2018, 63% of Afro-Finns in Finland had experienced racist harassment, which had appeared as offensive gestures, comments, threats or violence. This was the highest percentage of the twelve European Union member states[h] that were included in the study, much higher than for example in Malta which was 20%. 14% stated they had experienced violence in Finland due to their skin colour, which also was the highest of the participating countries, much higher than in, for example, Portugal where 2% had experienced similar violence.[53][54]

A report published in 2020 by the Non-Discrimination Ombudsman [fi] found that four out of five people with an African background had experienced racial discrimination in Finland due to their skin colour.[55]

Notable people

[edit]

Citizens and residents of Finland of full or partial African ancestry

[edit]
See also categories: Finnish people of African ancestry, Expatriates in Finland (African country subcategories) and Immigrants to Finland (African country subcategories)

Actors

[edit]

Artists

[edit]

Beauty pageant contestants

[edit]

Dancers

[edit]

Entrepreneurs

[edit]

Film people

[edit]

Journalists

[edit]

Musicians

[edit]

Politicians

[edit]

Scientists

[edit]

Sportspeople

[edit]
Basketball players
[edit]
Footballers
[edit]

Writers

[edit]

Others

[edit]

People of the Finnish diaspora with African ancestry

[edit]

This list is for notable people of African ancestry who also belong to the Finnish diaspora (i.e. Finnish emigrants and their descendants) but do not hold Finnish citizenship. Many of them maintain their ties to Finland.

Germany

[edit]

Sweden

[edit]
See also: Sweden Finns

United Kingdom

[edit]

United States

[edit]
See also: Finnish Americans

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f I.e., according to Statistics Finland, people in Finland:
     • whose both parents are African-born,
     • or whose only known parent was born in Africa,
     • or who were born in Africa and whose parents' countries of birth are unknown.[1]
    Thus, for example, people with one Finnish parent and one African parent or people with more distant African ancestry are not included in this country-based non-ethnic figure.
    Also, African-born adoptees' backgrounds are determined by their adoptive parents, not by their biological parents.[1]
  2. ^ a b The population of Finland was 5,533,793 on 31 December 2020.[2]
  3. ^ I.e., all other African countries but Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Sudan and Tunisia.
  4. ^ South Sudan was not independent in 1990; see the number of Sudan.
  5. ^ I.e., according to Statistics Finland, people in Finland:
     • whose both parents are born in those countries,
     • or whose only known parent was born in those countries,
     • or who were born in those countries and whose parents' countries of birth are unknown.[1]
    Thus, for example, people with one Finnish parent and one parent from those countries or people with more distant ancestry from those countries are not included in this country-based non-ethnic figure.
    Also, adoptees born in those countries have their backgrounds determined by their adoptive parents, not by their biological parents.[1]
  6. ^ It is not specified in the source to what "Congo" (Kongo) refers to, but it could possibly refer to any of the following four countries: the Democratic Republic of the Congo, People's Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo or Zaire.
  7. ^ Literally "People's Democratic Republic of the Congo" in the source, but such country has never existed. It could possibly refer to the People's Republic of the Congo.
  8. ^ Austria, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Portugal, Sweden and the United Kingdom.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Ancestry; born in Finland.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df On their father's side; ethnic Finnish descent on the mother's side.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g On their mother's side; ethnic Finnish descent on the father's side.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d "Käsitteet ja määritelmät". Statistics Finland (in Finnish). Retrieved 11 April 2020. Syntyperä ja taustamaa ... Suomalaistaustaisia ovat myös kaikki ne henkilöt, joilla vähintään toinen vanhemmista on syntynyt Suomessa. ... Ulkomaalaistaustaisia ovat ne henkilöt, joiden molemmat vanhemmat tai ainoa tiedossa oleva vanhempi on syntynyt ulkomailla. ... Jos kummankaan vanhemman syntymävaltiosta ei ole tietoa, on taustamaa ulkomailla syntyneiden henkilöiden osalta henkilön oma syntymävaltio. ... Ulkomailta adoptoitujen lasten osalta ottovanhemmat rinnastetaan biologisiksi vanhemmiksi.
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  4. ^ a b c "African Diaspora in Finland". Encyclopedia of Afro-European Studies. Archived from the original on 26 May 2019.
  5. ^ a b "Afrosuomen historiaa etsimässä -podcast: Keitä olemme ja onko meillä historiaa?". fi:Radio Helsinki (in Finnish). 16 June 2017. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  6. ^ a b c Kajava, Marie (7 January 2010). "Mustan Suomen historia". Maailman Kuvalehti (in Finnish). Retrieved 19 February 2020.
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  20. ^ a b Elfadl, Wisam; Niittymäki, Hanna. "Afrikka Suomessa -opetusmateriaali" (PDF). Finnish Labour Museum Werstas (in Finnish). Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  21. ^ "Ethnic groups". The World Factbook. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
  22. ^ "11rl -- Language according to age and sex by region, 1990-2020". Statistics Finland. Archived from the original on 17 May 2022. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
  23. ^ "Kaupunkitutkimus ja -tilastot -yksikön muut julkaisut aiheesta". City of Helsinki (in Finnish).
  24. ^ "11rt -- Origin and background country according to age group and sex by region, 1990-2020". Statistics Finland. Archived from the original on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
  25. ^ "11l6 -- Finnish citizens with dual nationality by age and second nationality, 2000-2020". Statistics Finland. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
  26. ^ "11l3 -- Citizenships granted according to previous nationality, 1990-2020". Statistics Finland. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
  27. ^ "11l5 -- Citizenships granted according to country of birth and sex, 1990-2020". Statistics Finland. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
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  29. ^ "Asylum applications". Finnish Immigration Service. 15 September 2020. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  30. ^ a b "11lv -- Adoptiot lapsen syntymämaan, ikäryhmän ja sukupuolen sekä adoptiotyypin mukaan, 1987-2019". Statistics Finland (in Finnish). Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  31. ^ "12ca -- Citizenship of spouses and cohabiting partners of Finnish men, 1992-2020". Statistics Finland. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
  32. ^ "12cb -- Citizenship of spouses and cohabiting partners of Finnish women, 1992-2020". Statistics Finland. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
  33. ^ "12cc -- Country of birth of spouses and cohabiting partners of men born in Finland, 1992-2020". Statistics Finland. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
  34. ^ "12cd -- Country of birth of spouses and cohabiting partners of women born in Finland, 1992-2020". Statistics Finland. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
  35. ^ Aromaa, Jonni (29 November 2013). "Afrosuomalaisten tanssiteos myi loppuun ennätysajassa". Yle (in Finnish). Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  36. ^ "Startup AfroFinns – Activating the Afro-Finnish Community in Finland from Tampere". Business Tampere. 7 March 2018. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  37. ^ "About". Afrofinns ry. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  38. ^ "Ghana wins big at first ever Afrofinns Achievement Awards in Finland". GhanaWeb. 1 December 2018. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  39. ^ Green Newball, Shirlene (21 November 2019). "Second AfroFinns Achievement Awards". Migrant Tales. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  40. ^ Koskela, Miika (21 November 2020). "Elovenalla ei pärjää maailmalla, ajattelee ensimmäisen afrosuomalaisen missikilpailun järjestäjä: "Haemme tyttöä, joka osaa ilmaista juurensa"". Yle (in Finnish). Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  41. ^ Mettänen, Heli (17 September 2020). "Tässä ovat The Face Of African Queen -missikisan finalistit". Iltalehti (in Finnish). Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  42. ^ Tukia, Anneli (18 August 1993). "Pohjoismaiden mustalle väestölle oma aikakauslehti SCANDI-B". Helsingin Sanomat (in Finnish). Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  43. ^ "Ruskeat Tytöt". Ruskeat Tytöt ry. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  44. ^ "Creating a Community for Brown Girls in One of the World's Whitest Countries". Vice. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  45. ^ "Ruskeat tytöt ja Otava perustavat koulutusohjelman ei-valkoisille kirjoittajille: "Halusimme purkaa näkymättömiä esteitä"". Helsingin Sanomat (in Finnish). Retrieved 14 August 2020.
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