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Reinhard Seiler

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Reinhard Seiler
Reinhard Seiler
Born(1909-08-30)30 August 1909
Rawitsch, Province of Posen
Died6 October 1989(1989-10-06) (aged 80)
Grafengehaig, Bavaria
Allegiance Nazi Germany
Service / branchLuftwaffe
Years of service1935–1945
RankMajor (major)
UnitCondor Legion, JG 54, JG 104
CommandsI./JG 54, JG 104
Battles / wars
See battles

Spanish Civil War

World War II

AwardsSpanish Cross in Gold with Swords and Diamonds
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves

Reinhard Seiler (30 August 1909 – 6 October 1989) was a Nazi German Luftwaffe Major and ace of the Spanish Civil War and World War II, commander of Jagdgeschwader 104 and a winner of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves; for the fighter pilots, it was a quantifiable measure of skill and combat success. Reinhard Seiler was credited with 100 victories during World War II, over the course of about 500 combat missions. He recorded an additional 9 victories during the Spanish Civil War.

Childhood and early career

[edit]

Seiler was born on 30 August 1909 in Rawitsch, in the Province of Posen, at the time a Prussian province of the German Empire and now in Poland. He was the son of Justizoberwachtmeister, a police officer at court. He joined the newly created Luftwaffe in 1935 and was promoted to Leutnant (second lieutenant) on 20 April 1937.[1] After completing his pilot training, he was sent to Spain with the Condor Legion, and served with 2. Staffel (2nd squadron) of Jagdgruppe 88 (J/88—88th Fighter Group).[2]

On 26 August 1937, the Condor Legion attacked ships in the harbor of Gijón. Flying fighter escort to the bombers, Seiler claimed his first aerial victory when he shot down a Polikarpov I-15 fighter.[3] He claimed his second aerial victory on 4 September, a Polikarpov I-16 shot down over Asturias.[4] On 30 October, command of the Condor Legion transferred from Generalmajor Hugo Sperrle to Generalmajor Hellmuth Volkmann. Volkmann reorganized J/88, placing 2. Staffel under the command of Oberleutnant (First Lieutenant) Joachim Schlichting. Seiler claimed his third aerial victory on 29 November.[5]

When Seiler returned to Germany, he was credited with nine aerial victories and was one of the leading fighter pilots of the Condor Legion. For his service in Spain, he was awarded the Spanish Cross in Gold with Diamonds (Spanienkreuz in Gold mit Schwertern und Brillanten). He was promoted to Oberleutnant on 1 April 1939.[1]

After his return from Spain, Seiler was appointed the Staffelkapitän (Squadron leader) of the newly established 1. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 70 (JG 70—70th Fighter Wing) on 15 July 1939. The Staffel was based at Herzogenaurach, equipped with the Messerschmitt Bf 109 D-1 and subordinated to the I. Gruppe (1st group) of Jagdgeschwader 51 (JG 51—51st Fighter Wing) under the command of Major Ernst Freiherr von Berg.[6]

World War II

[edit]

World War II in Europe began on Friday 1 September 1939 when German forces invaded Poland. Seiler's unit was kept back and on 13 September, it formed the nucleus of the newly created I Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 54 (JG 54—54th Fighter Wing) which had been placed under command of Major Hans-Jürgen von Cramon-Taubadel. In consequence, Seiler's 1. Staffel was renamed 1. Staffel of JG 54. On 1 November, the Gruppe was transferred to Böblingen to patrol the southernmost region of the French-German border.[7]

He scored his first victory of the war on 10 January 1940, shooting down a French reconnaissance Potez southwest of Freiburg.[8] He scored a second victory on 7 April west of Strasbourg. However he scored no further in the subsequent Battle of France, when his unit covered the Panzer advance through the Ardennes forests and later over the Dunkirk bridgehead. Pulled out early, back to occupied Netherlands as the campaign wound down, I./JG 54 was then one of the first units to re-occupy the Pas de Calais, in early August 1940 in anticipation of the upcoming Battle of Britain. On a bomber escort mission over Dover on 5 August 1940, Seiler claimed his third aerial victory, shooting down a Supermarine Spitfire over the English Channel. He was then shot down in his Messerschmitt Bf 109 E-4 and severely injured.[9] Taking to his parachute over the English Channel, Seiler was rescued and hospitalized, but was out of action for over 6 months.[10][11] On 1 December 1940, Seiler was promoted to Hauptmann (captain).[1]

Invasion of the Soviet Union

[edit]

Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, began on 22 June 1941. In the fortnight prior, JG 54 had been moved to an airfield in Lindenthal near Rautenberg, East Prussia, present-day Uslowoje in Kaliningrad Oblast. Tasked with supporting Army Group North in its advance through the Baltic states towards Leningrad, the unit began combat operations shortly afterwards.[12]

On the opening day of the campaign (22 June 1941) he shot down 3 aircraft, thereby doubling his score, and as his unit leap-frogged to new airbases across the Baltic States over the next few weeks his score continued to rise. By the end of September, he had 33 victories and his unit had finally settled down, establishing itself at Siverskaya, (about 60 kilometers (37 mi) south of Leningrad). He had been awarded the Honor Goblet of the Luftwaffe (Ehrenpokal der Luftwaffe) on 20 August recognizing his leadership and combat success.

On 1 October 1941, Seiler was appointed Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) of III. Gruppe of JG 54. He replaced Hauptmann Arnold Lignitz who had been posted as missing in action after he had been shot down over Leningrad the day before. Command of his former 1. Staffel was then passed to Oberleutnant Heinz Lange. At the time, III. Gruppe was also based at Siverskaya.[13]

Despite surrounding the city, it could not be taken so Hitler decided instead to besiege it. For the next three years, JG 54 would stay, essentially, encamped outside the city interdicting the supply lines and intercepting the frantic attempts of the Russians to lift the siege in offensive after offensive.

Seiler himself remained as Gruppenkommandeur of III./JG 54 for nearly one and a half years. He was awarded the German Cross in Gold (Deutsches Kreuz in Gold) on 15 October then the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) on 20 December 1941, having flown 200 missions. In spring 1942 Geschwaderkommodore (Wing Commander) Hannes Trautloft had the idea for fighter interceptions of Soviet night-harassment raids on moonlit nights. A great success, they claimed 56 victories for no losses. Seiler was the most successful pilot in these missions, scoring 16 night-victories between March and June 1942[14] and he was also promoted to Major in June. Throughout 1942, JG 54 continued to cover the north: the Leningrad siege and Demyansk fronts. In December though, Seiler took his III./JG 54 to Smolensk in the centre, and then soon after in early 1943 rotated back to the west as part of Adolf Galland's mis-guided plan to swap units between the western and eastern fronts in exchange for I./Jagdgeschwader 26 (JG 26—26th Fighter Wing).[15]

"Defence of the Reich"

[edit]

Re-equipping instead onto Bf 109G-4s, they spent 6 weeks on the Channel Front. Unused to operating at higher altitudes and in large formations, JG 26 Geschwaderkommodore Josef Priller refused to declare the unit ready for operations. Finally in March, they were transferred back to Oldenburg in northern Germany for further training and to stay on Defence of the Reich duties. Fittingly perhaps, with the unit's first successes on 17 April, unit commander Seiler scored his one and only Viermot (4-engine bomber) kill. However, he was already under orders to return to the Leningrad Front. On 1 May, Seiler was made the new Gruppenkommandeur of I. Gruppe of JG 54, flying the Focke-Wulf Fw 190. He replaced Hauptmann Gerhard Koall who temporarily led the Gruppe after Major Hans Philipp was transferred to take command of Jagdgeschwader 1 (JG 1—1st Fighter Wing) fighting in Defence of the Reich.[16]

Eastern Front

[edit]

Unseasonably bad weather limited operations for the next few months and then all attention was turned to the main 1943 offensive - Operation Citadel against the Kursk salient. Seiler's I./JG 54 was transferred in June to Orel to join the fighter cover over the northern attack. On the opening day of the offensive, 5 July, he scored 5 victories to take his tally to 97. The following day he scored a further two kills. Eager to reach the magic 'century', he chased and shot down a Bell P-39 Airacobra fighters from the 30 GvIAP (Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment—Gvardeyskiy Istrebitelny Aviatsionny Polk). However immediately afterward he was himself shot and forced to bail out badly wounded over enemy territory east of Ponyri, midway between Orel and Kursk.[17] He was the 44th Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark.[18] He was declared unfit for further combat duties.

In recognition of his long service and command in JG 54, Seiler was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub) on 2 March 1944.[19] The presentation was made by Adolf Hitler on 4 April 1944 at the Führerhauptquartier (Führer Headquarter) at the Berghof in Berchtesgaden. Also present at the award ceremony were Gerhard Barkhorn, for the Swords to his Knight's Cross, and Erich Hartmann, Walter Krupinski, Kurt Bühligen, Horst Ademeit, Hans-Joachim Jabs, Dr. Maximilian Otte, Bernhard Jope and Hansgeorg Bätcher from the bomber force, and the Flak officer Fritz Petersen, all destined to receive the Oak Leaves.[20]

Later in the year, on 8 August, he was appointed Geschwaderkommodore of the fighter-pilot training unit Jagdgeschwader 104 and served in this position until it was disbanded on 28 April 1945, just days before the end of World War II.

Later life

[edit]

Released from Allied captivity in 1946, Seiler died on 6 October 1989 at the age of 80, in the town of Grafengehaig near Kulmbach, in Bavaria.[21]

Summary of career

[edit]

Aerial victory claims

[edit]

According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Seiler was credited with 100 aerial victories during World War II.[22] Spick lists Seiler with 9 aerial victories during the Spanish Civil War and further 100 during World War II.[23] Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found documentation for 109 aerial victory claims, plus three further unconfirmed claims. This number includes 9 claims during the Spanish Civil War, 96 on the Eastern Front, and 4 on the Western Front, including one four-engined bomber.[24]

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 00254". The Luftwaffe grid map (Jägermeldenetz) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km2). These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 km × 4 km (1.9 mi × 2.5 mi) in size.[25]

Chronicle of aerial victories
  This and the ♠ (Ace of spades) indicates those aerial victories which made Seiler an "ace-in-a-day", a term which designates a fighter pilot who has shot down five or more airplanes in a single day.
  This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike, Bock, Mathews and Foreman.
Claim
(total) 		Claim
(nocturnal) 		Date Time Type Location Claim
(total) 		Claim
(nocturnal) 		Date Time Type Location
Spanish Civil War
– 2. Staffel of Jagdgruppe 88 –[26]
Spanish Civil War — August 1937 – February 1938
1 26 August 1937
—
 I-15[27] 6 7 February 1938
—
 SB-2[28]
2 4 September 1937
—
 I-16[27] 7 7 February 1938
—
 SB-2[28]
3 29 November 1937
—
 I-16[27] 8 22 February 1938
—
 I-15[28]
4 12 January 1938
—
 SB-2[27] 9 22 February 1938
—
 I-15[28]
5 22 January 1938
—
 I-16[28]
World War II
– 1. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 54 –[26]
"Phoney War" — 13 September 1939 – 9 May 1940
1 10 January 1940 12:15 Potez 63 south of Colmar[29] 2 7 April 1940
—
 M.S.406 west of Strasbourg[29]
– 1. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 54 –[26]
Action at the Channel and over England — 26 June – 23 September 1940
3 5 August 1940 09:15 Spitfire English Channel[30]
– Stab I. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 54 –[31]
Operation Barbarossa — 22 June – July 1941
4 22 June 1941 05:55 SB-2 northeast of Kowno[32] 6 22 June 1941 05:58 SB-2 west of Kowno[32]
5 22 June 1941 05:57 SB-2 north of Kowno[32]
– 1. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 54 –[31]
Operation Barbarossa — July – 1 October 1941
7 6 July 1941 10:18 SB-3 Ostrov[32] 21 15 August 1941 19:00 I-18 north of Vitino[33]
8 6 July 1941 10:24 SB-3 northwest of Baraki[32] 22 8 September 1941 16:03 I-16 north of Djeskoje Selo[34]
9 6 July 1941 17:34 SB-3 southwest of Ostrov[32] 23 8 September 1941 16:45 I-153 south of Wladimirskoje[34]
10 7 July 1941 10:31 SB-3 northeast of Ostrov[32] 24 9 September 1941 09:05 I-16 southeast of Krasnoye Selo[34]
11 7 July 1941 11:00 SB-3 Ostrov[32] 25 9 September 1941 09:35 I-18 (MiG-1) south of Marijino[34]
12 7 July 1941 19:15 I-18 (MiG-1) north of Ostrov[35] 26 9 September 1941 17:15 I-16 northeast of Krasnogvardeysk[34]
13 22 July 1941 18:05 I-18 (MiG-1) north of Krasnoye Selo[33] 27 11 September 1941 11:15 I-18 (MiG-1) Nowa[34]
14 22 July 1941 18:08 I-18 (MiG-1) southwest of Krasnoye Selo[33] 28 17 September 1941 12:30 I-18 (MiG-1) south of Lewaschewo[34]
15 31 July 1941 16:55 I-18 (MiG-1) northwest of Krasnoye Selo[33] 29 21 September 1941 17:05 I-18 (MiG-1) south of Leningrad[34]
16 31 July 1941 19:50 I-18 (MiG-1) north of Pulkowa[33] 30 23 September 1941 13:21 I-153 north of Kolpino[34]
17 13 August 1941 05:32 I-16 Molskowitzi[33] 31 24 September 1941 10:12 I-15[34]?[Note 1]
18 13 August 1941 11:00 I-18 (MiG-1) north of Witino[33] 32 26 September 1941 05:55 I-18 (MiG-1) southeast of Leningrad[34]
19 15 August 1941 14:45 I-18 (MiG-1) south of Wochonowo airfield[33] 33 29 September 1941 15:58 I-16 west of Shlisselburg[34]
20?[Note 2] 15 August 1941 14:46 I-16 Wochonowo airfield[33]
– Stab III. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 54 –[31]
Operation Barbarossa — 1 October – 5 December 1941
34 5 October 1941 17:00 I-15 west of Ust-Starawjanka[36] 39 25 October 1941 16:44 I-153?[Note 3] north of the bend of the Neva[36]
35 11 October 1941 15:40 I-15 north of Oranienbaum[36] 40 29 October 1941 11:07 I-26 (Yak-1) southwest of Gorka[36]
36 24 October 1941 14:02 I-18 (MiG-1) Mursinka[36] 41 1 December 1941 09:55 R-10 (Seversky) north of Kobona[37]
37 24 October 1941 14:08 I-18 (MiG-1) Szalaski[36] 42 1 December 1941 14:25 I-180 (Yak-7) southwest of Koretschi[37]
38 25 October 1941 16:42 I-153 north of the bend of the Neva[36]
– Stab III. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 54 –[31]
Eastern Front — 6 December 1941 – 20 February 1942
43 7 December 1941 12:15 I-180 (Yak-7) west of Kobona[38] 45 26 January 1942 11:55 I-26 (Yak-1) southeast of Grjadi[39]
44 26 January 1942 08:50 I-18 (MiG-1) Osmaskij[39] 46 26 January 1942 12:00 I-26 (Yak-1) east of Dora[39]
– Stab III. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 54 –[31]
Eastern Front — 1 May 1942 – 3 February 1943
47 29 May 1942 13:30?[Note 4] I-180 (Yak-7) PQ 00254, mal Muschkino[40]
15 km (9.3 mi) west-southwest of Shlisselburg 		65 13 26 June 1942 00:17?[Note 5] R-5[42] east of Kretschno[43]
?[Note 6] 29 May 1942 11:30 Yak-7[31] 66 14 27 June 1942 23:48 R-5[44] southwest of Mostki[43]
48 1 11 June 1942 23:35 R-5[45] east of Mjasnoj Bor[40] 67 15 27 June 1942 24:00 R-5[44] south of Mostki[43]
49 2 12 June 1942 00:30 R-5[45] east of Mjasnoj Bor[40] 68 1 August 1942 18:34 Pe-2 PQ 90453, west-southwest of Terwolowo[46]
15 km (9.3 mi) northeast of Volosovo
50 12 June 1942 16:08 MiG-3 PQ 19251, south of Orelje[40]
15 km (9.3 mi) southeast of Spasskaya Polist 		69 2 August 1942 16:55 Yak-1 PQ 00164, Aleksandrowka[46]
10 km (6.2 mi) southeast of Leningrad
51 12 June 1942 16:10?[Note 7] MiG-3 north of Orelje[40] 70 11 August 1942 17:55 MiG-3 PQ 29711, northwest of Beresko[47]
45 km (28 mi) northeast of Staraya Russa
52 3 14 June 1942 22:45 R-5[45] PQ 19152, west of Spasskaya Polist[40]
15 km (9.3 mi) southwest of Spasskaya Polist 		71 11 August 1942 17:58 MiG-3 PQ 29712, northwest of Beresko[47]
45 km (28 mi) northeast of Staraya Russa
53 4 14 June 1942 23:15 R-5[45] PQ 19134, northwest of Kretschno[40]
vicinity of Spasskaya Polist 		72 20 August 1942 17:17 Yak-1 PQ 00421, east of Kolpino[47]
Pushkin-Mga
54 5 15 June 1942 23:20 R-5[45] east of Kretschno[40] 73 30 August 1942 13:42 I-16 PQ 00143, north of Uljanka[48]
10 km (6.2 mi) southwest of Leningrad
55 6 15 June 1942 23:30?[Note 8] Yak-1[45] east of Orelje[40] 74 1 September 1942 12:25 MiG-3 PQ 10211, north of Lawrowo[49]
45 km (28 mi) west of Volkhov
56 7 15 June 1942 24:00 R-5[45] east of Kretschno[40] 75 5 September 1942 12:15 Il-2 PQ 00412, south of Kolpino[50]
10 km (6.2 mi) east of Pushkin
57 8 16 June 1942 00:20 R-5[45] Prijutino[40] 76 5 September 1942 12:25 Il-2 PQ 00281, northeast of Kretschmino[50]
20 km (12 mi) west of Mga
58 20 June 1942 19:28 P-40 east of Mal. Opotschiwalowo[40] 77 11 September 1942 08:42 MiG-3 PQ 01774, southeast of Pjesk[51]
20 km (12 mi) west-northwest of Volchov
59 9 22 June 1942 23:05 PS-84[52] Kretschno[40] 78 21 September 1942 11:15 Yak-1 PQ 10244, northeast of Shelannoje[51]
25 km (16 mi) east-southeast of Shlisselburg
60 10 22 June 1942 23:08 PS-84[52] east-northeast of Mjasnoj Bor[40] 79 28 October 1942 11:53 LaGG-3 PQ 28112, east of Topolywa[53]
40 km (25 mi) northwest of Demyansk
61 23 June 1942 21:13 Yak-1 east of Mjasnoj Bor[43] 80 29 October 1942 10:33 LaGG-3 PQ 18261, Werschinasee[53]
30 km (19 mi) east-southeast of Staraya Russa
62 11 25 June 1942 23:41?[Note 9] R-5[42] east of Kretschno[43] 81 31 October 1942 07:28 Il-2 PQ 18263, southwest of Gertschizy[53]
30 km (19 mi) east-southeast of Staraya Russa
63 12 25 June 1942 23:50 R-5[42] east of Kretschno[43] 82 14 November 1942 11:32 LaGG-3 PQ 20143, Twadnowo[53]
west-southwest of Volkhov
64 ?[Note 10] 26 June 1942 00:15?[Note 11] R-5 east of Kretschno[43]
– Stab III. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 54 –[31]
Western Front — 27 March – 28 April 1943
83 17 April 1943 13:04 B-17 Bremen[54]
– Stab I. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 54 –[31]
Eastern Front — 1 May – 6 July 1943
84 27 May 1943 19:58 LaGG-3 PQ 36 Ost 10752[55]
25 km (16 mi) south of Lyuban 		93♠ 5 July 1943 12:20 P-39 PQ 35 Ost 63563, northeast of Ponyri[56]
10 km (6.2 mi) northwest of Maloarkhangelsk
85 12 June 1943 07:18 MiG-3 PQ 36 Ost 10114, southeast of Shlisselburg[55] 94♠ 5 July 1943 12:25 Il-2 PQ 35 Ost 63573, west of Ponyri[56]
35 km (22 mi) southwest of Maloarkhangelsk
86 19 June 1943 21:07 LaGG-3 PQ 36 Ost 20111[57]
west of Volkhov 		95♠ 5 July 1943 12:27 MiG-3 PQ 35 Ost 63714[56]
40 km (25 mi) southwest of Maloarkhangelsk
87 21 June 1943 15:27 LaGG-3 30 km (19 mi) northeast of Novaya Ladoga[57]
35 km (22 mi) northeast of Volkhov 		96♠ 5 July 1943 18:29 Il-2 PQ 35 Ost 63624[56]
20 km (12 mi) northeast of Maloarkhangelsk
88 21 June 1943 15:43 LaGG-3 PQ 36 Ost 21123, Wolchowstroj[57]
Lake Ladoga 		97♠ 5 July 1943 18:35 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 63654[56]
35 km (22 mi) east-northeast of Maloarkhangelsk
89 21 June 1943 19:59 La-5 PQ 36 Ost 20272, northwest of Wolchowstroj[57]
35 km (22 mi) west of Volkhov 		98 6 July 1943 08:20 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 63534[56]
10 km (6.2 mi) northwest of Maloarkhangelsk
90 22 June 1943 02:18 Il-2 PQ 36 Ost 00621[57]
10 km (6.2 mi) southeast of Gatchina 		99 6 July 1943 14:21 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 63572[56]
35 km (22 mi) southwest of Maloarkhangelsk
91 23 June 1943 20:10 LaGG-3 PQ 36 Ost 01841, east of Uglowo[57] 100 6 July 1943 14:36 P-39 PQ 35 Ost 63593[56]
20 km (12 mi) south-southwest of Maloarkhangelsk
92 24 June 1943 07:07 LaGG-3 PQ 36 Ost 20122, north of Wolchowstroj[57]
west of Volkhov

Awards

[edit]

Promotions

[edit]
20 April 1937: Leutnant (second lieutenant)[1]
1 April 1939: Oberleutnant (first lieutenant)[1]
1 December 1940: Hauptmann (captain)[1]
1 March 1943: Major (major)[19]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as a Polikarpov I-153.[31]
  2. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman this claim is unconfirmed.[31]
  3. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as a Polikarpov I-15.[31]
  4. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 10:30.[31]
  5. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 00:37.[41]
  6. ^ This claim is not listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike and Bock.[40]
  7. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 10:10.[31]
  8. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 23:20.[31]
  9. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 23:42.[41]
  10. ^ This claim is not listed by Foreman, Mathews and Parry in Luftwaffe Night Fighter Claims 1939–1945.[42]
  11. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 20:05.[41]

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f Stockert 2007, p. 38.
  2. ^ a b Obermaier 1989, p. 62.
  3. ^ Forsyth 2011, p. 79.
  4. ^ Forsyth 2011, p. 80.
  5. ^ Forsyth 2011, pp. 85, 103.
  6. ^ Prien et al. 2000, pp. 208, 256.
  7. ^ Prien et al. 2001, pp. 419–420.
  8. ^ Weal 2001a, p. 18.
  9. ^ Prien et al. 2002, pp. 295, 300–301.
  10. ^ Weal 2001a, p. 25.
  11. ^ Goss 2011, p. 25.
  12. ^ Prien et al. 2003, p. 184.
  13. ^ Prien et al. 2003, pp. 197, 259, 271.
  14. ^ Weal 2001a, p. 54.
  15. ^ Weal 2001a, pp. 85–86.
  16. ^ Prien et al. 2012, p. 165.
  17. ^ Bergström 2007, p. 48.
  18. ^ Obermaier 1989, p. 243.
  19. ^ a b Stockert 2007, p. 39.
  20. ^ Braatz 2010, p. 119.
  21. ^ Dixon 2023, p. 154.
  22. ^ Zabecki 2019, p. 331.
  23. ^ Spick 1996, p. 232.
  24. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 1209–1211.
  25. ^ Planquadrat.
  26. ^ a b c Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1209.
  27. ^ a b c d Forsyth 2011, p. 103.
  28. ^ a b c d e Forsyth 2011, p. 104.
  29. ^ a b Prien et al. 2001, p. 426.
  30. ^ Prien et al. 2002, p. 300.
  31. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1210.
  32. ^ a b c d e f g h Prien et al. 2003, p. 199.
  33. ^ a b c d e f g h i Prien et al. 2003, p. 201.
  34. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Prien et al. 2003, p. 202.
  35. ^ Prien et al. 2003, p. 200.
  36. ^ a b c d e f g Prien et al. 2003, p. 266.
  37. ^ a b Prien et al. 2003, p. 268.
  38. ^ Prien et al. 2005, p. 249.
  39. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2005, p. 250.
  40. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Prien et al. 2006, p. 213.
  41. ^ a b c Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1211.
  42. ^ a b c d Foreman, Mathews & Parry 2004, p. 47.
  43. ^ a b c d e f g Prien et al. 2006, p. 217.
  44. ^ a b Foreman, Mathews & Parry 2004, p. 48.
  45. ^ a b c d e f g h Foreman, Mathews & Parry 2004, p. 45.
  46. ^ a b Prien et al. 2006, p. 218.
  47. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2006, p. 219.
  48. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 221.
  49. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 222.
  50. ^ a b Prien et al. 2006, p. 223.
  51. ^ a b Prien et al. 2006, p. 224.
  52. ^ a b Foreman, Mathews & Parry 2004, p. 46.
  53. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2006, p. 226.
  54. ^ Prien et al. 2009, p. 284.
  55. ^ a b Prien et al. 2012, p. 174.
  56. ^ a b c d e f g h Prien et al. 2012, p. 176.
  57. ^ a b c d e f g Prien et al. 2012, p. 175.
  58. ^ a b Thomas 1998, p. 312.
  59. ^ Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 441.
  60. ^ a b Scherzer 2007, p. 700.
  61. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 398.
  62. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 79.

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