Plantaginaceae

Plantaginaceae
Scoparia dulcis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Lamiales
Family:	Plantaginaceae Juss.[1]
Type genus
Plantago L.
Tribes
Angelonieae Antirrhineae Callitricheae Cheloneae Digitalideae Globularieae Gratioleae Hemiphragmeae Plantagineae Russelieae Sibthorpieae Veroniceae
Synonyms[2]
Antirrhinaceae Pers. Aragoaceae D.Don Callitrichaceae Link nom. cons. Chelonaceae Martinov Digitalaceae Martinov Ellisiophyllaceae Honda Globulariaceae DC. nom. cons. Gratiolaceae Martinov Hippuridaceae Vest nom. cons. Littorellaceae Gray Psylliaceae Horan. Sibthorpiaceae D.Don Veronicaceae Cassel

Plantaginaceae, the plantain family, is a large, diverse family of flowering plants in the order Lamiales that includes common flowers such as snapdragon and foxglove. It is unrelated to the banana-like fruit also called "plantain." In older classifications, Plantaginaceae was the only family of the order Plantaginales, but numerous phylogenetic studies, summarized by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, have demonstrated that this taxon should be included within Lamiales.

The plantain family as traditionally circumscribed consisted of only three genera: Bougueria, Littorella, and Plantago. However phylogenetic research has indicated that Plantaginaceae sensu stricto (in the strict sense) were nested within Scrophulariaceae (but forming a group that did not include the type genus of that family, Scrophularia). Although Veronicaceae (1782) is the oldest family name for this group, Plantaginaceae (1789) is a conserved name under the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) and thus has priority over any earlier family name for a family including Plantago. Furthermore, the ICBN does not consider family names published before 1789 to be names eligible for conservation, thus ruling out Veronicaceae. The name Antirrhinaceae has been proposed for conservation over Plantaginaceae. In the meantime, the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group has accepted the name Plantaginaceae. However, Olmstead (2003)^[3] chose to use the name Veronicaceae, a later synonym.

A group of genera including Lindernia has now been segregated^[4][5] as the family Linderniaceae,^[6] which is recognized by Haston et al. 2007 (also known as LAPG II) as "Post-APG II family".

Plantaginaceae sensu lato (in the broad sense) are a diverse, cosmopolitan family, occurring mostly in temperate zones. The group consists of herbs, shrubs and also a few aquatic plants with roots (such as the genus Callitriche). As the family is so diverse, its circumscription is difficult to establish.^[4]

The leaves are spiral to opposite and simple to compound. Unusual in Lamiales is the absence of vertical partitions in the heads of the glandular hairs.

The structure and form of the flowers is variable. Some genera are 4-merous (i.e., with 4 sepals and 4 petals), such as Aragoa (but this one has 5 sepals); others are 5- to 8-merous, such as Sibthorpia. The flowers of most genera are polysymmetric. The corolla is often two-lipped. In some taxa, the androecium is formed before the corolla.

The fruit is a loculicidal capsule, dehiscing through the partitions between the cells.^[7]

The enlarged Plantaginaceae consists of 107 genera^[8] and about 1,900 species.^[9] The largest genus is Veronica, with about 450 species. Veronica also includes the genera Hebe, Parahebe and Synthyris, formerly often treated as distinct. All genera of Plantaginaceae were formerly included in Scrophulariaceae except where otherwise stated.

Although GRIN includes Lafuentea Lag. in the tribe Antirrhineae,^[11] in the phylogenetic analysis of Fernández-Mazuecos et al. (2013)^[23] it was a sister to the Antirrhineae, as also noted by Albach (2005).^[4] For the time being it should be considered an outgroup.

• Olmstead, R. G., dePamphilis, C. W., Wolfe, A. D., Young, N. D., Elisons, W. J. & Reeves P. A. (2001). "Disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae". American Journal of Botany. 88 (2): 348–361. doi:10.2307/2657024. JSTOR 2657024. PMID 11222255.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

• Vargas P, JA Rosselló, R Oyama, J Güemes. 2004 Molecular evidence for naturalness of genera in the tribe Antirrhineae (Scrophulariaceae) and three independent evolutionary lineages from the New World and the Old. Plant Syst Evol 249:151–172.

• Media related to Plantaginaceae at Wikimedia Commons
• Data related to Plantaginaceae at Wikispecies
• Treatment of Plantaginaceae in MOBOT