Planocarina

Planocarina
	P. carinata
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Phylum:	Amoebozoa
Class:	Tubulinea
Order:	Arcellinida
Family:	Hyalospheniidae
Genus:	Planocarina; Kosakyan, Lahr, Mulot, Meisterfeld, Mitchell & Lara 2016
Type species
	Planocarina carinata; (Archer 1867) Kosakyan, Lahr, Mulot, Meisterfeld, Mitchell & Lara 2016
Species
	P. carinata; P. marginata; P. maxima; P. spumosa;

Planocarina (from Latin planus 'flat' and carina 'keel') is a genus of arcellinid testate amoebae belonging to the family Hyalospheniidae.^[2] It was created in 2016 to agglutinate a clade of species that were previously assigned to the paraphyletic genus Nebela. All species of Planocarina have a compressed keel surrounding the posterior part of their shell.^[1] It is the sister group of Alabasta.^[3]

Morphology

Members of Planocarina have an elongated, pyriform test with a distinct neck, and lateral margins tapering towards the test opening. The posterior part of the test is surrounded entirely by a flat keel. The test hyaline or slightly yellowish in color, composed of circular and elongated scales recycled from the organism's prey, such as euglyphid testate amoeba.^[1]

Classification

Planocarina contains all former species of Nebela that have a flat keel, with the exception of those that have a lateral horn, which are assigned to Cornutheca. There are 4 species in total:^[1]

Planocarina carinata (Archer 1867) Kosakyan, Lahr, Mulot, Meisterfeld, Mitchell & Lara 2016 (=Nebela carinata (Archer 1867) Leidy 1879)
Planocarina marginata (Penard 1902) Kosakyan, Lahr, Mulot, Meisterfeld, Mitchell & Lara 2016 (=Nebela marginata Penard 1902)
Planocarina maxima (Awerintzew 1907) Kosakyan, Lahr, Mulot, Meisterfeld, Mitchell & Lara 2016 (=Nebela maxima Awerintzew 1907)
Planocarina spumosa (Awerintzew 1907) Kosakyan, Lahr, Mulot, Meisterfeld, Mitchell & Lara 2016 (=Nebela spumosa Awerintzew 1907)

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Kosakyan A, Lahr DJG, Mulot M, Meisterfeld R, Mitchell EAD, Lara E (2016). "Phylogenetic reconstruction based on COI reshuffles the taxonomy of hyalosphenid shelled (testate) amoebae and reveals the convoluted evolution of shell plate shapes". Cladistics. 32 (6): 606–623. doi:10.1111/cla.12167. PMID 34727671. S2CID 89592346.
^ González-Miguéns, Rubén; Todorov, Milcho; Blandenier, Quentin; Duckert, Clément; Porfirio-Sousa, Alfredo L.; Ribeiro, Giulia M.; Ramos, Diana; Lahr, Daniel J.G.; Buckley, David; Lara, Enrique (2022). "Deconstructing Difflugia: The tangled evolution of lobose testate amoebae shells (Amoebozoa: Arcellinida) illustrates the importance of convergent evolution in protist phylogeny". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 175 (107557): 107557. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107557. hdl:10261/281619. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 35777650.
^ Duckert C, Blandenier Q, Kupferschmid FAL, Kosakyan A, Mitchell EAD, Lara E, et al. (2018). "En garde! Redefinition of Nebela militaris (Arcellinida, Hyalospheniidae) and erection of Alabasta gen. nov" (PDF). Eur J Protistol. 66: 156–165. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2018.08.005. PMID 30366198. S2CID 53116247.

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[ReshufflesHyalosphenid-1] Kosakyan A, Lahr DJG, Mulot M, Meisterfeld R, Mitchell EAD, Lara E (2016). "Phylogenetic reconstruction based on COI reshuffles the taxonomy of hyalosphenid shelled (testate) amoebae and reveals the convoluted evolution of shell plate shapes". Cladistics. 32 (6): 606–623. doi:10.1111/cla.12167. PMID 34727671. S2CID 89592346.

[Arcellinida2022-2] González-Miguéns, Rubén; Todorov, Milcho; Blandenier, Quentin; Duckert, Clément; Porfirio-Sousa, Alfredo L.; Ribeiro, Giulia M.; Ramos, Diana; Lahr, Daniel J.G.; Buckley, David; Lara, Enrique (2022). "Deconstructing Difflugia: The tangled evolution of lobose testate amoebae shells (Amoebozoa: Arcellinida) illustrates the importance of convergent evolution in protist phylogeny". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 175 (107557): 107557. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107557. hdl:10261/281619. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 35777650.

[Alabasta-3] Duckert C, Blandenier Q, Kupferschmid FAL, Kosakyan A, Mitchell EAD, Lara E, et al. (2018). "En garde! Redefinition of Nebela militaris (Arcellinida, Hyalospheniidae) and erection of Alabasta gen. nov" (PDF). Eur J Protistol. 66: 156–165. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2018.08.005. PMID 30366198. S2CID 53116247.

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