North Pacific albatross

North Pacific albatross
Waved albatrosses on Española Island, Galapagos
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Procellariiformes
Family:	Diomedeidae
Genus:	Phoebastria Reichenbach, 1853
Type species
Diomedea brachyura[1] Temminck, 1829
Species
Phoebastria immutabilis Phoebastria nigripes Phoebastria irrorata Phoebastria albatrus †Phoebastria californica †Phoebastria anglica †Phoebastria rexsularum †Phoebastria cf. albatrus †Phoebastria cf. immutabilis †Phoebastria cf. nigripes
Synonyms
Diomedea (sensu Coues, 1866) Julietata Mathews & Hallstrom, 1943

The North Pacific albatrosses are large seabirds from the genus Phoebastria in the albatross family. They are the most tropical of the albatrosses, with two species (the Laysan and black-footed albatrosses) nesting in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, one on sub-tropical islands south of Japan (the short-tailed albatross), and one nesting on the equator (the waved albatross).

Their taxonomy is very confusing, as with all albatrosses. It is widely accepted now, based on molecular evidence and the fossil record, that they are a distinct genus from Diomedea in which formerly most "white" albatrosses were placed but which is now restricted to the "great" albatrosses.^[2] They share certain identifying features. First, they have nasal passages that attach to the upper bill called naricorns. Although the nostrils on the albatross are on the sides of the bill. The bills of Procellariiformes are also unique in that they are split into between seven and nine horny plates. Finally, they produce a stomach oil made up of wax esters and triglycerides that is stored in the proventriculus. This is used against predators as well as an energy rich food source for chicks and for the adults during their long flights.^[3] They also have a salt gland that is situated above the nasal passage and that helps desalinate their bodies, to compensate for the high amount of ocean water that they imbibe. It excretes a high saline solution from their nose.^[4]

Genus Phoebastria – North Pacific albatrosses

Genus Phoebastria – Reichenbach, 1853 – four species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Laysan albatross	Phoebastria immutabilis (Rothschild, 1893)	Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, particularly the islands of Midway and Laysan	Size: Habitat: Diet:	NT
black-footed albatross	Phoebastria nigripes (Audubon, 1839)	Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, from Kure Atoll to Kaula Island	Size: Habitat: Diet:	NT
waved albatross	Phoebastria irrorata (Salvin, 1883)	Ecuador and Peru	Size: Habitat: Diet:	CR
short-tailed albatross	Phoebastria albatrus (Pallas, 1769)	North Pacific	Size: Habitat: Diet:	VU

This genus and Diomedea had already diverged in the Middle Miocene (12–15 mya). Several fossil forms are known, which incidentally prove that Phoebastria was formerly distributed in the North Atlantic also. The current distribution is thus a relict. The oldest known species, P. californica, was at least the size of the short-tailed albatross and may have been an ancestor of that bird.

Fossil species

• Phoebastria californica (Temblor Middle Miocene of Sharktooth Hill, US)
• Phoebastria anglica (Middle Pliocene – Early Pleistocene of NC Atlantic coasts)
• Phoebastria cf. albatrus (San Diego Late Pliocene of San Diego County, US) – formerly Diomedea howardae
• Phoebastria rexsularum
• Phoebastria cf. immutabilis (San Pedro Pleistocene of San Pedro, US)
• Phoebastria cf. nigripes (San Pedro Pleistocene of San Pedro, US)

The North Pacific albatross ranges in size from 190 to 240 cm (75–94 in) and they all have short black tails.^[5]

The feeding habits of these albatrosses are similar to other albatrosses in that they eat fish, squid, crustaceans, and carrion.^[5]

Observations made during June 2010 from the Hokkaido University research vessel the Oshoro Maru in the western North Pacific showed an apparent symbiotic relationship between a school of 57 ocean sunfish (Mola mola) and Laysan and black-footed albatrosses. The sunfish were infected with the mesoparasitic copepods from the genus Pennella and the albatrosses were seen to remove these parasites from the sunfish which appeared to be actively attempting to attract the albatrosses.^[6]

When roosting, they choose isolated sites and lay one egg, with both parents incubating and raising the chick. They are monogamous species, and they don't start breeding until they are 5–15 years old.^[5]

• List of albatross breeding locations

• Brands, Sheila (August 14, 2008). "Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification – Genus Diomedea –". Project: The Taxonomicon. Retrieved 22 February 2009.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
• Brooke, M. (2004). "Procellariidae". Albatrosses And Petrels Across The World. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850125-0.
• Tickell, W. L. N. (2000): Albatrosses. Pica Press, Sussex. ISBN 1-873403-94-1