Srebrenica

Srebrenica
Town and municipality
View of Srebrenica (2017)
Flag Coat of arms
Location of Srebrenica within Republika Srpska
Coordinates: 44°06′15″N 19°17′50″E / 44.10417°N 19.29722°E / 44.10417; 19.29722
Country	Bosnia and Herzegovina
Entity	Republika Srpska
Geographical region	Podrinje
Boroughs	81
Government
• Municipal mayor	Miloš Vučić (SNSD)
Area
• Town	2.62 km2 (1.01 sq mi)
• Municipality	529.83 km2 (204.57 sq mi)
Population  (2013)
• Town	2,607
• Town density	1,000/km2 (2,600/sq mi)
• Municipality	13,409
• Municipality density	25/km2 (66/sq mi)
Time zone	UTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+2 (CEST)
Area code	56
Website	www.srebrenica.gov.ba

Srebrenica (Serbian Cyrillic: Сребреница, pronounced [srêbrenitsa]) is a town and municipality in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is a small mountain town, with its main industry being salt mining and a nearby spa.

During the Bosnian War in 1995, Srebrenica was the site of genocidal killing of more than 8,000 Bosniak men and boys, which was subsequently designated as an act of genocide by the ICTY and the International Court of Justice. Perpetrated by units of the Bosnian Serb Army of Republika Srpska under Ratko Mladić, though the Serb paramilitary unit Scorpions also participated.

As of 2013, the town has a population of 2,607 inhabitants, while the municipality has 13,409 inhabitants. Before the war, the municipality's Bosniak population was 27,542 (75.12%) and the Serb population was 8,315 (22.68%). As of 2013, the equivalent figures were 7,248 Bosniaks (54.05%) and 6,028 Serbs (44.95%).

The town's name (Srebrenica) (Serbian Cyrillic: Сребреница) means "silver mine", the same meaning of its old Latin name Argentaria. In other languages it is known as: Srebrenitza in German, Srebrenicë/a in Albanian, Srebrenitsa in Turkish, Szrébrénicá in Hungarian and Srebrenița in Romanian.

Illyrians inhabited Srebrenica and mined the silver in a nearby mine. Silver was also the main reason behind the Roman invasion of the area.^[1]

During the Roman times, there was a settlement of Domavia, known to have been near a mine.^[2][3] Silver ore from there was moved to the mints in Salona in the southwest and Sirmium in the northeast using the Via Argentaria.^[4] The current settlement of Srebrenica was also known by the Romans as Argentaria.^[5]

A Roman tombstone was excavated near Sase Monastery.

An early Christian church dated to the 6th century was discovered in Srebrenica.^[6]

In the 13th and 14th century the region was part of the Banate of Bosnia, and, subsequently, the Bosnian Kingdom. The earliest reference to the name Srebrenica was in 1376, by which time it was already an important centre for trade in the western Balkans, based especially on the silver mines of the region. (Compare modern srebro "silver".) By that time, a large number of merchants of the Republic of Ragusa were established there, and they controlled the domestic silver trade and the export by sea, almost entirely via the port of Ragusa (Dubrovnik).^[7] During the 14th century, many German miners moved into the area.^[8] There were often armed conflicts about Srebrenica because of its mines. According to Czech historian Konstantin Josef Jireček, from 1411 to 1463, Srebrenica switched hands several times, being Hungarian one time, Serbian five times, Bosnian four times, and Ottoman three times.^[9] The mines of Bosnian Podrinje and Usora were part of the Serbian Despotate prior to the Ottoman conquest.^[10]

With the town coming under Ottoman rule, becoming less influenced by the Republic of Ragusa, the economic importance of Srebrenica went into decline, as did the proportion of Christians in the population. The Franciscan church of St. Nicholas was converted into the White Mosque, but the large number of Catholics, Ragusan and Saxon, caused the transformation of the town to Islam to be slower than in most of the other towns in the area.^[11]

The area of Osat was liberated for a short time during the First Serbian Uprising (1804–13), under the leadership of Kara-Marko Vasić from Crvica. Upon the breakout of the uprising, Metropolitan Hadži Melentije Stevanović contacted Vasić, who met with the rebel leadership. After participating in battles on the Drina (1804), Vasić asked Karađorđe for an army to liberate Osat; Lazar Mutap was dispatched and the region came under rebel rule. In 1808, the Ottomans cleared out Osat, and by 1813, the rebels left the region.

The town came under Austro-Hungarian rule in 1878, when the Congress of Berlin approved the occupation of the Bosnia Vilayet, which later in 1908 became a condominium under the joint control of Austria and Hungary. The natural mineral water springs Crni Guber ("Black Guber") developed into an important part of the local economy. The Bohemian company Mattoni established a distribution infrastructure to tap and export the water named Guber-Quelle ("Guber Spring") throughout the monarchy and abroad.^[12] The construction of a spa was recommended.^[13] Modern infrastructure such as administration, electricity, roads, schools, telephone, healthcare, a postal service and other things were introduced.^[14]

Although the Austrian rulers tried to stop the spread of nationalism and favoured a multi-religious and multi-cultural makeup with religious tolerance under their hegemony, Serbian nationalism was viewed with suspicion and hostility, since it demanded a unification of Bosnia with Serbia. As modern education raised the levels of general literacy, ideas spread through the advent of newspapers and publications. The region became increasingly restless as nationalism spread to all groups.

During the First World War, one of the region's main battle areas was in Eastern Bosnia and the Drina, from where the units of Austria-Hungary advanced towards the Kingdom of Serbia. In late summer 1914 Srebrenica was taken over by Serbian volunteers under Kosta Todorović but later retaken by Austro-Hungarian units. Following World War I, Bosnia was incorporated into the South Slav kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, which later was renamed Yugoslavia.

During the Second World War there were many atrocities committed by the Chetniks and Ustashas. Partisans fought Chetniks and Ustashe during the war and the people of Srebrenica built a partisan memorial cemetery monument for the fallen victims.

Tourism gained importance during the communist Yugoslav period and wellness spa and taking to the waters became an important part of the local economy. The Banja Guber was constructed for that purpose. Up to the 1990s over 90,000 overnight stays were recorded and an annual income of about three million dollars generated.^[15]

The town of Srebrenica came to global prominence as a result of events during the Bosnian War (1992–1995). The strategic objectives proclaimed by the secessionist Bosnian Serb presidency included the creation of a border separating the Serb people from Bosnia's other ethnic communities and the abolition of the border along the River Drina separating Serbia and the Bosnian Serbs' Republika Srpska.^[16] The Bosnian Muslim/Bosniak majority population of the Drina Valley posed a major obstacle to the achievement of these objectives. In the early days of the campaign of forcible transfer (ethnic cleansing) that followed the outbreak of war in April 1992 the town of Srebrenica was occupied by Serb/Serbian forces. It was subsequently retaken by Bosniak resistance groups. Refugees expelled from towns and villages across the central Drina valley sought shelter in Srebrenica, swelling the town's population.^{[citation needed]}

The town and its surrounding area was surrounded and besieged by Serb forces. On 16 April 1993, the United Nations declared the Bosnian Muslim/Bosniak enclave a UN safe area, to be "free from any armed attack or any other hostile act", and guarded by a small Dutch unit operating under the mandate of United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR), which did not get permission to use force from the UN, which they needed to defend the local population.^{[citation needed]}

Srebrenica and the other UN safe areas of Žepa and Goražde were isolated pockets of Bosnian government-held territory in eastern Bosnia. In July 1995, despite the town's UN-protected status, it was attacked and captured by the Army of Republika Srpska led by general Ratko Mladić. Following the town's capture, all men of fighting age who fell into Bosnian Serb hands were massacred in a systematically organised series of summary executions. The women of the town and men below 12 years of age and above 65 were transferred by bus to Tuzla.^{[citation needed]} The Srebrenica massacre was the deadliest massacre in Europe since World War II,^[17] being the only incident in Europe to have been recognized as a genocide since the Holocaust.^[18]

In 2001, the Srebrenica massacre was determined by judgement of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) to have been a crime of genocide (confirmed on appeal in 2004).^[19] This finding was upheld in 2007 by the International Court of Justice. The decision of the ICTY was followed by an admission to and an apology for the massacre by the Republika Srpska government.^[20]

Under the 1995 Dayton Agreement which ended the Bosnian War, Srebrenica was included in the territory assigned to Bosnian Serb control as the Republika Srpska entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Although guaranteed under the provisions of the Dayton Agreement, the return of survivors was repeatedly obstructed. In 2007, verbal and physical attacks on returning refugees continued to be reported in the region around Srebrenica.^[21]

In 1992, Bosniak villages around Srebrenica were under constant attacks by Serb forces. The Bosnian Institute in the United Kingdom has published a list of 296 villages destroyed by Serb forces around Srebrenica three years before the genocide and in the first three months of war (April–June 1992):^[22]

More than three years before the 1995 Srebrenica genocide, Bosnian Serb nationalists – with the logistical, moral and financial support of Serbia and the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) – destroyed 296 predominantly Bosniak (Bosnian Muslim) villages in the region around Srebrenica, forcibly uprooting some 70,000 Bosniaks from their homes and systematically massacring at least 3,166 Bosniaks (documented deaths) including many women, children and the elderly.

According to the Naser Orić trial judgement:^[23]

"Between April 1992 and March 1993, Srebrenica town and the villages in the area held by Bosnian Muslims were constantly subjected to Serb military assaults, including artillery attacks, sniper fire, as well as occasional bombing from aircraft. Each onslaught followed a similar pattern. Serb soldiers and paramilitaries surrounded a Bosnian Muslim village or hamlet, called upon the population to surrender their weapons, and then began with indiscriminate shelling and shooting. In most cases, they then entered the village or hamlet, expelled or killed the population, who offered no significant resistance and destroyed their homes. During this period, Srebrenica was subjected to indiscriminate shelling from all directions on a daily basis. Potočari in particular was a daily target for Serb artillery and infantry because it was a sensitive point in the defence line around Srebrenica. Other Bosnian Muslim settlements were routinely attacked as well. All this resulted in a great number of refugees and casualties."

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The British National Archives in Kew released the documents dating back to July 1995 which deal with communication between British military and political actors during the Bosnian war.^{[citation needed]} Several of the reports appear to blame the Bosniak Army (BiH) for provoking the Srebrenica attack. British intelligence doubted that Pale (Bosnian Serb headquarters) had any plans to overrun Srebrenica. Instead, the manoeuvre came as a response due to repeated Bosniak Army (BiH) attacks on BSA (Bosnian Serb Army) supply lines.

The recent BSA (Bosnian Serb Army) attack on Srebrenica enclave was prompted by constant BiH (Bosniak Army) attacks over the previous 3 months on BSA supply route to the south of the enclave. The BSA attacks are almost certainly initiated by the local commander and we don't think they are part of a Pale inspired plan to overrun the enclave.^[24][25]

The BSA action is in direct response to BiH pressure on a BSA line of communication and the BSA reacted by forcing BiH back towards Srebrenica. The Serbs found that there was little resistance so they were able to exploit further than their original objective.^[24]

When Serbs entered the town, General Mladić threatened to shell the Dutch camp if UN troops did not disarm Bosniak troops. However, the report confirms no Bosniak army soldiers remained at the camp, all 2,000 armed Muslims "had simply left during the night" in the direction of Tuzla.^[24]

The town has a religious makeup of roughly half Muslim and half Orthodox. Most of the town's 23 mosques that were destroyed were reconstructed with donations and aid, also from abroad.^[26][27]

Unemployment rates are high since the economy was destroyed and reconstruction progresses slowly, as in many parts of the country. There are plans to revive the mineral water and spa business again. The reconstruction of the Banja Guber was scheduled for 2019 but experienced delays.^[28]

In 2007, Srebrenica's municipal assembly adopted a resolution demanding independence from the Republika Srpska entity (although not from Bosnia's sovereignty); the Serb members of the assembly did not vote on the resolution.^[29] In the 2016 elections Mladen Grujičić, a Bosnian Serb and native of the town of Srebrenica, was elected as mayor.

The municipality emblem was developed during the Yugoslav period and depicts a red and white stylised "S" with a depiction of the mineral water spring in the lower middle and a tree in the upper middle. The spring underscores the historical importance to the town's economy and the tree the nature and forests of the region.

The municipality (општина or opština) is further subdivided into the following local communities (мјесне заједнице or mjesne zajednice):^[30]

Population of settlements – Srebrenica municipality

	Settlement	1953	1961	1971	1981	1991	2013
	Total	24,712	29,283	33,357	36,292	36,666	13,409
1	Bostahovine					495	272
2	Bučinovići					386	215
3	Crvica					473	484
4	Donji Potočari					1,147	673
5	Gornji Potočari					896	247
6	Gostilj					148	461
7	Kalimanići					397	366
8	Liješće					524	213
9	Osmače					948	251
10	Pećišta					817	445
11	Petriča					136	265
12	Skelani					1,123	807
13	Srebrenica		1,859	3,088	4,512	5,746	2,607

The borders of the municipality in the 1953 and 1961 census were different. In 1953, a distinctive Muslim nationality had been yet to emerge as an ethnicity, leading Slavic Muslims to identify as Yugoslavs. As Yugoslav was itself not adopted in 1948, they were classified as other and while many self-identified as “Serbs” or “Croats”.^[31] Until 1961 census, the municipality of Srebrenica included today's territory of Bratunac municipality. The ethnic composition of the municipality:

Ethnic composition – Srebrenica town

	2013	1991	1981	1971
Total	2,607 (100,0%)	5,746 (100,0%)	4 512 (100,0%)	3,088 (100,0%)
Bosniaks		3,673 (63,92%)	2,473 (54,81%)	1,858 (60,17%)
Serbs		1,632 (28,40%)	1,406 (31,16%)	921 (29,83%)
Yugoslavs		328 (5,708%)	496 (10,99%)	89 (2,882%)
Others		79 (1,375%)	15 (0,332%)	64 (2,073%)
Croats		34 (0,592%)	56 (1,241%)	78 (2,526%)
Montenegrins			27 (0,598%)	46 (1,490%)
Albanians			22 (0,488%)	17 (0,551%)
Slovenes			6 (0,133%)	6 (0,194%)
Roma			6 (0,133%)
Macedonians			5 (0,111%)	4 (0,130%)
Hungarians				5 (0,162%)

Ethnic composition – Srebrenica municipality

	2013	1991	1981	1971
Total	13,409 (100,0%)	36,666 (100,0%)	36,292 (100,0%)	33,357 (100,0%)
Bosniaks	7,248 (54,05%)	27,542 (75,12%)	24,930 (68,69%)	20,968 (62,86%)
Serbs	6,028 (44,95%)	8,315 (22,68%)	10,294 (28,36%)	11,918 (35,73%)
Others	117 (0,873%)	391 (1,066%)	137 (0,377%)	143 (0,429%)
Croats	16 (0,119%)	38 (0,104%)	80 (0,220%)	109 (0,327%)
Yugoslavs		380 (1,036%)	725 (1,998%)	121 (0,363%)
Montenegrins			47 (0,130%)	48 (0,144%)
Albanians			39 (0,107%)	26 (0,078%)
Roma			21 (0,058%)	5 (0,015%)
Slovenes			11 (0,030%)	6 (0,018%)
Macedonians			8 (0,022%)	8 (0,024%)
Hungarians				5 (0,015%)

Ethnic composition (2013) – Srebrenica municipality by settlements

	Settlement	Total	Bosniaks	Croats	Serbs	Others
1	Bostahovine	299	299	0	0	0
2	Bučinovići	221	221	0	0	0
3	Crvica	551	0	1	549	1
4	Donji Potočari	673	363	1	330	11
5	Gornji Potočari	247	245	0	0	2
6	Gostilj	503	235	0	266	2
7	Kalimanići	377	14	0	363	0
8	Liješće	263	92	0	170	1
9	Osmače	264	264	0	0	0
10	Pećišta	550	356	1	190	0
11	Petriča	271	0	0	270	1
12	Skelani	824	217	0	605	2
13	Srebrenica	2,397	998	8	1,369	22

• Sase Monastery, Serbian Orthodox monastery dating back to 13th century
• White Mosque, dating to 17th century, on the foundations of a Franciscan Catholic church
• Čaršija mosque, built or rebuilt in 1836 by Selmanaga Selmanagic. Rebuilt in 1988, demolished in 1995, rebuilt in 2011 by Ahmed Smajlovic.^[32]
• various other mosques such as the Red Mosque
• Church of the Intercession of the Holy Virgin (Srebrenica), dating to 1903^[33]
• St Mary's Catholic Chapel^[34]
• local museum^[35]
• Mosque youth center (Omladinski centar), completed in 2019 in neo-Ottoman style^[36]
• mineral water springs and spa

Before 1992, there was a metal factory in the town, and lead, zinc, and gold mines nearby. The town's name (Srebrenica) means "silver mine", the same meaning of its old Latin name Argentaria.

Before the war, Srebrenica also had a big spa and the town prospered from wellness tourism from the Crni Guber ("Black Guber") ferruginous spring water and other springs. Nowadays, Srebrenica has some tourism but a lot less developed than before the war. Currently, a pension, motel and a hostel are operating in the town.

Economic preview

The following table gives a preview of total number of registered people employed in legal entities per their core activity (as of 2018):^[37]

Activity	Total
Agriculture, forestry and fishing	135
Mining and quarrying	537
Manufacturing	480
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply	23
Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities	27
Construction	14
Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles	83
Transportation and storage	63
Accommodation and food services	26
Information and communication	8
Financial and insurance activities	9
Real estate activities	-
Professional, scientific and technical activities	20
Administrative and support service activities	10
Public administration and defense; compulsory social security	232
Education	186
Human health and social work activities	104
Arts, entertainment and recreation	28
Other service activities	28
Total	2,013

• Selman Selmanagić (b. 1905), Bosnian-German architect from the Bauhaus school^[38]
• Milorad Simić (b. 1946), philologist
• Desnica Radivojević (born 1952), Bosnian politician
• Sabahudin Vugdalić (born 1953), Bosnian sports journalist and former football goalkeeper
• Naser Orić (b. 1967), Bosnian military officer during Bosnian war 1992–1995
• Emir Suljagić (b. 1975), author
• Hamza Alić (b. 1979), shot putter
• Muamer Jahić (born 1979), Bosnian footballer
• Mladen Grujičić (born 1982), Bosnian Serb politician and mayor of Srebrenica
• Sanin Muminović (born 1990), Croatian footballer
• Esmir Ahmetović (born 1991), Bosnian footballer
• Mirsad Bektić (b. 1991), Bosnian-American UFC fighter
• Asmir Suljić (b. 1991), footballer
• Mirzad Mehanović (born 1993), Bosnian footballer
• Kadir Hodžić (born 1994), Bosnian footballer
• Emir Sulejmanović (b. 1995), basketball player
• Juraj Dragišić (c. 1445–1520), Franciscan theologian and philosopher

• Bideleux & Jeffries, Robert and Ian (2007). The Balkans: A Post-Communist History. Routledge. ISBN 9780203969113. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
• Ćorović, Vladimir (1989). Istorija Srba. Beogradski izdavačko-grafički zavod. ISBN 978-86-13-00381-6.
• W. Carter, Francis (1977). An Historical Geography of the Balkans. Academic Press. p. 411. ISBN 978-0-12-161750-9.
• Jireček, Konstantin (1952). Istorija Srba. Belgrade: Naučna knjiga.

• Opština Srebrenica – Srebrenica municipality (in Bosnian)
• The Advocacy Project partners with Bosnian Family (BOSFAM)
• Fiction stories about Srebrenica women: Integration Under the Midnight Sun Archived 2014-10-06 at the Wayback Machine by Adnan Mahmutovic