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[ 0 => '{{redirect|Crescendo}}', 1 => '{{redirects|Fortissimo}}', 2 => 'In [[music]], '''dynamics''' are instructions in [[musical notation]] to the performer about hearing the [[loudness]] of a [[note (music)|note]] or [[phrase (music)|phrase]]. More generally, dynamics may also include other aspects of the execution of a given piece.', 3 => false, 4 => '==Relative loudness==', 5 => 'The two basic dynamic indications in music are:', 6 => '*'''''p''''' or ''piano'', meaning "soft".<ref name="harvard">{{cite book |first=Don Michael |last=Randel |authorlink=Don Michael Randel |publisher=Harvard University Press Reference Library |location=Cambridge, MA, US |year=2003 |title=The Harvard Dictionary of Music |edition=4th}}</ref><ref name="vtp">{{cite web | title=Piano | work=Virginia Tech Multimedia Music Dictionary | url=http://www.music.vt.edu/musicdictionary/textp/Piano.html | accessdate=2012-03-19 }}</ref>', 7 => '*'''''f''''' or ''forte'', meaning "loud".<ref name="harvard" /><ref name="vtf">{{cite web | title=Forte | work=Virginia Tech Multimedia Music Dictionary | url=http://www.music.vt.edu/musicdictionary/textf/Forte.html | accessdate=2012-03-19 }}</ref>', 8 => false, 9 => 'More subtle degrees of loudness or softness are indicated by:', 10 => '*'''''mp''''', standing for ''mezzo-piano'', meaning "moderately soft".', 11 => '*'''''mf''''', standing for ''mezzo-forte'', meaning "moderately loud".<ref name="vtd">{{cite web | title=Dynamics | work=Virginia Tech Multimedia Music Dictionary | url=http://www.music.vt.edu/musicdictionary/textd/Dynamics.html | accessdate=2012-03-19 }}</ref>', 12 => false, 13 => 'Beyond '''''f''''' and '''''p''''', there are also', 14 => '*'''''pp''''', standing for "pianissimo" and meaning "very soft".', 15 => '*'''''ff''''', standing for "fortissimo" and meaning "very loud".', 16 => '*'''''ppp''''', standing for "pianississimo" and meaning "very very soft".', 17 => '*'''''fff''''', standing for "fortississimo" and meaning "very very loud".<ref name="vtd" />', 18 => 'And so on.', 19 => false, 20 => '[[Image:Dynamic's Note Velocity.svg|thumb|350px|Note Velocity is a [[MIDI]] measurement of the speed that the key travels from its rest position to completely depressed, with 127, the largest value in a 7-bit number, being instantaneous, and meaning as strong as possible.]]', 21 => false, 22 => 'Some pieces contain dynamic designations with more than three '''''f'''''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s or '''''p'''''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s. In [[Gustav Holst|Holst]]'s ''[[The Planets]]'', '''''ffff''''' occurs twice in Mars and once in Uranus often punctuated by organ and '''''fff''''' occurs several times throughout the work. It also appears in [[Heitor Villa-Lobos]]' ''[[Bachianas Brasileiras]]'' No. 4 (Prelude), and in [[Franz Liszt|Liszt]]'s ''[[Fantasy and Fugue on the chorale "Ad nos, ad salutarem undam"]]''. The [[Norman Dello Joio]] Suite for Piano ends with a crescendo to a '''''ffff''''', and [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky|Tchaikovsky]] indicated a bassoon solo '''''pppppp''''' (6 '''''p'''''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s) in his [[Symphony No. 6 (Tchaikovsky)|''Pathétique'' Symphony]] and '''''ffff''''' in passages of his ''[[1812 Overture]]'' and the 2nd movement of his [[Symphony No. 5 (Tchaikovsky)|Fifth Symphony]].', 23 => false, 24 => '[[Igor Stravinsky]] used '''''ffff''''' at the end of the finale of the ''[[Firebird Suite]]''. '''''ffff''''' is also found in a prelude by [[Sergei Vasilievich Rachmaninoff|Rachmaninoff]], op.3-2. [[Dmitri Shostakovich|Shostakovich]] even went as loud as '''''fffff''''' (5 '''''f'''''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s) in his [[Symphony No. 4 (Shostakovich)|fourth symphony]]. [[Gustav Mahler]], in the third movement of his [[Symphony No. 7 (Mahler)|Seventh Symphony]], gives the celli and basses a marking of '''''fffff''''' (5 '''''f'''''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s), along with a footnote directing '[[Bartok pizzicato|pluck so hard that the strings hit the wood]].' On another extreme, [[Carl Nielsen]], in the second movement of his [[Symphony No. 5 (Nielsen)|Symphony No. 5]], marked a passage for woodwinds a diminuendo to '''''ppppp''''' (5 '''''p'''''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s).', 25 => false, 26 => 'Another more extreme dynamic is in [[György Ligeti]]'s [[Études (Ligeti)|Études No. 13]] (''Devil's Staircase''), which has at one point a '''''ffffff''''' (6 '''''f'''''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s) and progresses to a '''''ffffffff''''' (8 '''''f'''''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s). In Ligeti's [[Études (Ligeti)|Études No. 9]], he uses '''''pppppppp''''' (8 '''''p'''''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s). In the baritone passage ''Era la notte'' from his opera ''[[Otello (Verdi)|Otello]]'', [[Verdi]] uses '''''pppp'''''. Steane (1971) and others{{citation needed|date=November 2015}} suggest that such markings are in reality a strong reminder to less than subtle singers to at least sing softly rather than an instruction to the singer actually to attempt a '''''pppp'''''. <!--please don't add the Florentiner Marsch; while that Tumblr post is admittedly hilarious, the actual score does not actually have that many f's. Only two of them-->', 27 => false, 28 => 'Dynamic indications of this kind are relative, not absolute. '''''mp''''' does not indicate an exact level of volume, it merely indicates that music in a passage so marked should be a little louder than '''''p''''' and a little quieter than '''''mf'''''. Interpretations of dynamic levels are left mostly to the performer; in the [[Samuel Barber|Barber]] Piano Nocturne, a phrase beginning '''''pp''''' is followed by a diminuendo leading to a '''''mp''''' marking. Another instance of performer's discretion in this piece occurs when the left hand is shown to crescendo to a '''''f''''', and then immediately after marked '''''p''''' while the right hand plays the melody '''''f'''''. It has been speculated that this is used simply to remind the performer to keep the melody louder than the harmonic line in the left hand.', 29 => 'In some [[scorewriter|music notation program]]s, there are default [[Musical Instrument Digital Interface|MIDI]] key velocity values associated with these indications, but more sophisticated programs allow users to change these as needed. Apple's Logic Pro 9 uses the following values: ppp (16), pp (32), p (48), mp (64), mf (80), f (96), ff (112), fff (127).<ref>[http://documentation.apple.com/en/logicpro/usermanual/index.html#chapter=14%26section=30%26tasks=true Apple Logic Pro 9 User Manual for MIDI Step Input Recording]. Retrieved 2013-07-29.</ref>', 30 => false, 31 => '===Sudden changes and accented notes===<!-- This section is linked from [[Piano Sonata No. 8 (Beethoven)]] -->', 32 => 'Sudden changes in dynamics may be notated by adding the word ''subito'' (Italian for ''suddenly'') as a prefix or suffix to the new dynamic notation. Accented notes (notes to emphasize or play louder compared to surrounding notes) can be notated ''sforzando'', ''sforzato'', ''forzando'' or ''forzato'' (abbreviated '''''sfz''''', '''''sf''''', or '''''fz''''') ("forcing" or "forced").', 33 => false, 34 => 'Accents can also be notated using the sign >, placed above or below the head of the note. The > sign indicates an accent only, and is neither related to nor derived from the sign for ''diminuendo'', even though the signs are of a roughly similar shape.', 35 => false, 36 => '[[Image:Sfz.svg|right|thumb|Sforzando (sfz) notation]]', 37 => '''Sforzando'' (or ''sforzato'' or ''forzando'' or ''forzato''), indicates a forceful accent and is abbreviated as '''''sf''''', '''''sfz''''' or '''''fz'''''. There is often confusion surrounding these markings and whether or not there is any difference in the degree of accent. However all of these indicate the same expression, depending on the dynamic level,<ref>{{cite book|last=.Gerou|first=Tom and.Linda Lusk|title=Essential Dictionary of Music Notation: The Most Practical and Concise Source for Music Notation|year=1996|publisher=Alfred Music Publishing|location=Van Nuys, CA|isbn=978-0882847306|pages=37–38|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6PELtxxrz_QC&pg=PA38&dq=sf+sfz+fz&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ZnfcUuG6C8_S2wWL7IHgDg&ved=0CEQQ6AEwBDgK#v=onepage&q=sf%20sfz%20fz&f=false}}</ref> and the extent of the Sforzando is determined purely by the performer.', 38 => false, 39 => 'The [[fortepiano (musical dynamic)|fortepiano]] notation '''''fp''''' indicates a ''forte'' followed immediately by ''piano''. ''Sforzando piano'' ('''''sfzp''''' or '''''sfp''''') indicates a ''sforzando'' followed immediately by ''piano''; in general, any two dynamic markings may be treated similarly.', 40 => false, 41 => '''Rinforzando'', '''''rfz''''' or '''''rf''''' (literally "reinforcing") indicates that several notes, or a short phrase, are to be emphasized.', 42 => false, 43 => '===Gradual changes===', 44 => '{{redirect|Crescendo}}', 45 => 'Three Italian words are used to show gradual changes in volume. '''''Crescendo''''', abbreviated '''''cresc.''''', translates as "growing", and '''''diminuendo''''', abbreviated '''''dim.''''', or '''''decrescendo''''', abbreviated to '''''decresc.''''', mean "gradually becoming softer". Signs sometimes referred to as "hairpins"<ref>Kennedy, Michael and Bourne, Joyce: ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music'' (1996) → ''Hairpins''</ref> are also used to stand for these words (See image). If the lines open up, then the indication is to get louder; if they close gradually, the indication is to get softer. The following notation indicates music starting moderately strong, then becoming gradually stronger and then gradually quieter:', 46 => false, 47 => ':[[Image:Music hairpins.svg]]', 48 => false, 49 => 'Hairpins are usually written below the [[staff (music)|staff]], but are sometimes found above, especially in music for [[singer]]s or in music with multiple melody lines being played by a single performer. They tend to be used for dynamic changes over a relatively short space of time (at most a few bars), while '''''cresc.''''', '''''decresc.''''' and '''''dim.''''' are generally used for changes over a longer period. Word directions can be extended with dashes to indicate over what time the event should occur, which may be as long as multiple pages.', 50 => false, 51 => 'For greater changes in dynamics, '''''cresc. molto''''' and '''''dim. molto''''' are often used, where the ''molto'' means ''much''. Similarly, for slow changes '''''poco cresc.''''' and '''''poco dim.''''' are used, where ''poco'' translates as ''a little''.', 52 => false, 53 => 'A good example of a piece that uses both gradual changes and quick changes in dynamics is [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]]'s fantasy overture, ''[[Romeo and Juliet (Tchaikovsky)|Romeo and Juliet]]''.', 54 => false, 55 => '==Words/phrases indicating changes of dynamics==<!-- Linked from [[Symphony No. 3 (Saint-Saëns)]] -->', 56 => '{{redirect|Diminuendo|the album by Lowlife|Diminuendo (album)|the thoroughbred racehorse|Diminuendo (horse)}}', 57 => '(In Italian unless otherwise indicated)', 58 => '*'''al [[niente]]''': to nothing; fade to silence. Sometimes written as [[File:Music-diminuendo.svg|25px]]'''''n'''''', 59 => '*'''calando''': literally "decreasing", means simultaneous reduction of volume and tempo, same as French '''en diminuant''' and Italian '''dim. e rall.''' (diminuendo and rallentando)', 60 => '*'''calmando''': becoming calmer', 61 => '*'''crescendo''': becoming louder', 62 => '*'''dal niente''': from nothing; out of silence', 63 => '*'''decrescendo''' or '''diminuendo''': becoming softer', 64 => '*'''fortepiano''': loud and then immediately soft', 65 => '*'''fortissimo piano''': very loud and then immediately soft', 66 => '*'''in rilievo''': in relief (French '''en dehors''': outwards); indicates that a particular instrument or part is to play louder than the others so as to stand out over the ensemble. In the circle of [[Arnold Schoenberg]], this expression had been replaced by the letter "'''H'''" (for German, "[[Hauptstimme]]"), with an added horizontal line at the letter's top, pointing to the right, the end of this passage to be marked by the symbol " '''┐''' ".', 67 => '*'''perdendo''' or '''perdendosi''': losing volume, fading into nothing, dying away', 68 => '*'''mezzoforte piano''': moderately strong and then immediately soft', 69 => '*'''morendo''': dying away (may also indicate a tempo change)', 70 => '*'''marcato''': stressed, pronounced', 71 => '*'''pianoforte''': soft and then immediately strong', 72 => '*'''sforzando piano''': with marked emphasis, then immediately soft', 73 => '*'''[[sotto voce]]''': in an undertone (whispered or unvoiced)<ref>"Sotto voce" in ''Groves Dictionary of Music and Musicians'' (1946, New York: The MacMillan Company)</ref>', 74 => '*'''[[smorzando]]''': becoming muffled or toned down', 75 => false, 76 => '==History==', 77 => 'The [[renaissance music|Renaissance]] [[composer]] [[Giovanni Gabrieli]] was one of the first to indicate dynamics in [[music notation]], but dynamics were used sparingly by composers until the late 18th century. [[Bach]] used some dynamic terms, including ''forte'', ''piano'', ''più piano'', and ''pianissimo'' (although written out as full words), and in some cases it may be that '''''ppp''''' was considered to mean ''pianissimo'' in this period.', 78 => false, 79 => 'The fact that the [[harpsichord]] could play only "terraced" dynamics (either loud or soft, but not in between), and the fact that composers of the period did not mark gradations of dynamics in their scores, has led to the "somewhat misleading suggestion that baroque dynamics are 'terraced dynamics'," writes Robert Donington.<ref>Donington, Robert: ''Baroque Music'' (1982) WW Norton, 1982. ISBN 0-393-30052-8. Page 32.</ref> In fact, baroque musicians constantly varied dynamics. "Light and shade must be constantly introduced... by the incessant interchange of loud and soft," wrote [[Johann Joachim Quantz]] in 1752.<ref>Donington, Robert: ''Baroque Music'' (1982) WW Norton, 1982. ISBN 0-393-30052-8. Page 33.</ref> In addition to this, the harpsichord in fact becomes louder or softer depending on the thickness of the musical texture (four notes are louder than two). This allowed composers such as Bach to build dynamics directly into their compositions, without the need for notation.', 80 => false, 81 => 'In the Romantic period, composers greatly expanded the vocabulary for describing dynamic changes in their scores. Where Haydn and Mozart specified six levels (''pp'' to ''ff''), Beethoven used also '''''ppp''''' and '''''fff''''' (the latter less frequently), and Brahms used a range of terms to describe the dynamics he wanted. In the slow movement of the trio for violin, horn and piano (Opus 40), he uses the expressions '''''ppp''''', '''''molto piano''''', and '''''[[quasi niente]]''''' to express different qualities of quiet.', 82 => false, 83 => '==See also==', 84 => '{{Wiktionary|fortissimo|decrescendo}}', 85 => '*[[Accent (music)]]', 86 => '*[[Glossary of musical terminology]]', 87 => false, 88 => '==References==', 89 => '<references/>', 90 => '{{Dynamics (music)}}', 91 => '{{Musical notation}}', 92 => '{{Musical technique}}', 93 => false, 94 => '{{DEFAULTSORT:Dynamics (Music)}}', 95 => '[[Category:Musical notation]]', 96 => '[[Category:Musical terminology]]', 97 => '[[Category:Aspects of music]]' ]