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Malcolm Steinberg

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Malcolm Saul Steinberg (June 1, 1930 - February 7, 2012) was an American biologist[1] who proposed the differential adhesion hypothesis as a mechanism explaining cell sorting during embryogenesis and cancer.[2][3][4][5]

Steinberg proposed that when cells form distinct tissues, specific cell-cell adhesion between cells from the same tissue can drive the separation. He further proposed that a difference in level of cell adhesion molecules expression between two cell types was sufficient to drive the separation.[6] He confirmed these predictions in a model system in which adhesion between cells of a cultured line of mouse cells was controlled by genetic expression levels of cadherin.[7]

Steinberg pioneered work in characterizing the physical properties of cells and tissues. He proposed that cell-cell adhesion drives tissue rounding up and, comparing tissues to liquids, he proposed that tissues have a surface tension. To measure tissue surface tension, he participated in building a compression device for rounded cell aggregates,[8][9] and in sessile droplet experiments in which aggregates of cells were centrifuged at 37 degrees until their shapes reached equilibrium.[10][11]

Later experiments led him to conclude that differential adhesion, and an adhesion gradient, guide the salamander pronephric duct to the cloaca during embryonic development.[12]

Steinberg completed his BS at Amherst College in 1952, his PhD in zoology at the University of Minnesota in 1956, was a professor of biology at Johns Hopkins University from 1958 to 1966, and transferred to Princeton University in 1966, becoming professor emeritus in 2005.

References

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  1. ^ Obituary
  2. ^ Steinberg, Malcolm S. (1962). "On the mechanism of tissue reconstruction by dissociated cells, I. Population kinetics, differential adhesiveness, and the absence of directed migration". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 48 (9): 1577–1582. Bibcode:1962PNAS...48.1577S. doi:10.1073/pnas.48.9.1577. PMC 221002. PMID 13916689.
  3. ^ Steinberg, Malcolm S. (1962). "Mechanism of tissue reconstruction by dissociated cells. II. Time-course of events". Science. 137 (3532): 762–3. Bibcode:1962Sci...137..762S. doi:10.1126/science.137.3532.762. PMID 13916688. S2CID 29591598. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
  4. ^ Steinberg, Malcolm S. (1963). "Reconstruction of tissues by dissociated cells. Some morphogenetic tissue movements and the sorting out of embryonic cells may have a common explanation". Science. 141 (3579): 401–8. doi:10.1126/science.141.3579.401. PMID 13983728. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
  5. ^ Steinberg, Malcolm S. (1970). "Does differential adhesion govern self-assembly processes in histogenesis? Equilibrium configurations and the emergence of a hierarchy among populations of embryonic cells". J Exp Zool. 173 (4): 395–433. Bibcode:1970JEZ...173..395S. doi:10.1002/jez.1401730406. PMID 5429514. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
  6. ^ Steinberg, Malcolm S. (1975). "Adhesion-guided multicellular assembly: a commentary upon the postulates, real and imagined, of the differential adhesion hypothesis, with special attention to computer simulations of cell sorting". J Theor Biol. 55 (2): 431–43. Bibcode:1975JThBi..55..431S. doi:10.1016/s0022-5193(75)80091-9. PMID 1207170. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
  7. ^ Steinberg, Malcolm S.; Takeichi, Masatoshi (1994). "Experimental specification of cell sorting, tissue spreading, and specific spatial patterning by quantitative differences in cadherin expression". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 91 (1): 206–9. Bibcode:1994PNAS...91..206S. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.1.206. PMC 42915. PMID 8278366.
  8. ^ Foty, Ramsey A.; Pfleger, Cathie M.; Forgacs, Gabor; Steinberg, Malcolm S. (1996). "Surface tensions of embryonic tissues predict their mutual envelopment behavior". Development. 122 (5): 1611–20. doi:10.1242/dev.122.5.1611. PMID 8625847. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
  9. ^ Davis, Grayson S.; Phillips, Herbert M.; Steinberg, Malcolm S. (1997). "Germ-layer surface tensions and "tissue affinities" in Rana pipiens gastrulae: quantitative measurements". Dev Biol. 192 (2): 630–44. doi:10.1006/dbio.1997.8741. PMID 9441694.
  10. ^ Phillips, Herbert M.; Steinberg, Malcolm S. (1969). "Equilibrium measurements of embryonic chick cell adhesiveness. I. Shape equilibrium in centrifugal fields". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 64 (1): 1212–7. Bibcode:1969PNAS...64..121P. doi:10.1073/pnas.64.1.121. PMC 286135. PMID 5262993.
  11. ^ Phillips, Herbert M.; Steinberg, Malcolm S. (1978). "Embryonic tissues as elasticoviscous liquids. I. Rapid and slow shape changes in centrifuged cell aggregates". J Cell Sci. 30: 1–20. doi:10.1242/jcs.30.1.1. PMID 649680. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
  12. ^ Steinberg, Malcolm S.; Poole, Thomas J. (1981). "Strategies for specifying form and pattern: adhesion-guided multicellular assembly". Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 295 (1078): 451–60. Bibcode:1981RSPTB.295..451S. doi:10.1098/rstb.1981.0153. PMID 6117905. Retrieved May 19, 2021.



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