Morava architectural school

Morava architectural school (Serbian: Moravska škola arhitekture, Serbian Cyrillic: Моравска школа архитeктуре), also known as the Morava style (Serbian: Moravski stil, Serbian Cyrillic: Моравски стил), or simply as the Morava school (Serbian: Moravska škola, Serbian Cyrillic: Моравска школа), is an ecclesiastical architectural style that flourished in the Serbian Late Middle Ages (ca. 1370–1459),^[1] during the reign of the Lazarević and Branković dynasties.

The churches and monasteries were built by the rulers Lazar Hrebeljanović (1370–1389), Stefan Lazarević (1402–1427) and Đurađ Branković (1427–1456) and their nobility. The first endowment was the royal tomb of Ravanica. The main achievement of the Morava School is the splendor of the sculptural elements. The decorative stone plastic of the Moravska School represents one of the most original artistic achievements of medieval Serbian art. Decorative elements characteristic of this artistic school typically consist of geometric arabesque with stylized floral ornaments and interlaces, which include only scarce figurative details. Sculpture was usually painted, and thus, very vivid in effect.^[2]

The architecture in Serbia, from about 1370 until its fall to the Ottomans in 1459, was very experimental. During this time of adverse political circumstances, a remarkable flurry of building activity took place. Labeled the "Morava School" and declared a "national style" by Gabriel Millet, it awaits a proper assessment from aesthetic and other points of view. The katholikon of Ravanica Monastery, built in the 1370s, may be considered the inaugural statement of this style, which drew its characteristics from Mount Athos, from Serbian architecture itself of the 1340s and 1350s, and from other still unclear sources. The appearance of lateral apses along the flanks of the Ravanica church clearly suggests the growing importance of the Athonite monastic formula, juxtaposed with the five-domed church scheme. The most perplexing aspect of this architecture however are its sculptural laments, whose sheer quantity, exuberance, and variety of motifs have defied explanations.

Evident on a large number of buildings, from Lazarica in Kruševac to Naupara, Rudenica, Veluce, Ljubostinja, and Milentija, the style of decoration displays affinities with Armenia and Georgia, the world of Islam, and even Venice and the West. Its persistence into the fifteenth century, on church facades such as that of Kalenić Monastery (built 1413–1417), reveals the vitality of this new medium, which in its later stages began to incorporate human and animal forms, often related to mythological themes presumably drawn from manuscript illuminations. In the waning years of Serbia's independence, the imminent threat of Ottoman forces prompted major efforts in fortification architecture. Nor did this security-related phenomenon bypass religious settings. The Manasija (Resava) Monastery in Serbia, for example, incorporates a system of massive walls, ten towers, and a huge dungeon, all built in 1407–1418. Endowed by the Serbian despot Stefan Lazarević, the strongly defended Manasija became not only his final resting place but also the last major center of cultural activity in Serbia before its fall to the Ottomans in 1459.

• 
  Kalenić Monastery, late Byzantine trikonchonos, after 1407.
• 
  Royal chapel Lazarica, build by Prince Lazar in Kruševac.
• 
  Monastery Ravanica.
• 
  Monastery Ljubostinja.
• 
  Main portal and rosete in Ljubostinja.
• 
  Narthex of Manasija near Despotovac.
• 
  View of monastery Manasija.
• 
  Mala Remeta monastery on Fruška Gora.

• Architecture of Serbia
• Serbian Orthodox Church
• List of Serbian Orthodox monasteries

• Vojislav J. Đurić (1972). Моравска школа и њено доба: Научни скуп у Ресави 1968. Filozofski fakultet, Odeljenje za istoriju umetnosti.
  • Velmans, Tania (1972), "Infiltrations occidentales dans la peinture murale byzantine au XIVe et au début du XVe siècle", Моравска школа и њено доба: Научни скуп у Ресави 1968, pp. 37–48
  • Đurić, Vojislav J. (1972), "La peinture murale de Resava: Ses origines et sa place dans la peinture byzantine", Моравска школа и њено доба: Научни скуп у Ресави 1968, pp. 277–291
• Slobodan Curcic: Some Uses (and Reuses) of Griffins in Late Byzantine Art. In: Byzantine East, Latin West: Art-Historical Studies in Honor of Kurt Weitzmann, edited by Christopher Moss and Katherine Kiefer, pp. 597–604. Princeton, 1995.
• Slobodan Curcic: Religious Settings of the Late Byzantine Sphere. In: Byzantium: Faith and Power (1261–1557), edited by Helen C. Evans (The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 2004).
• Helen C. Evans, ed., Byzantium: Faith and Power (1261–1557), exh. cat. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art; New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004. p. 658, 721 color ills., 146 b/w.
• Nadežda Katanić: Dekorativna kamena plastika Moravske škole'. Prosveta, Republički zavod za zaštitu spomenika kulture, Beograd, 1988. ISBN 86-07-00205-8
• Svetlana V. Mal’tseva: Historiography of the Morava Architecture: Controversial Points of the Study. In: Actual Problems of Theory and History of Art: Collection of articles. Vol. 8. Edited by S. V. Mal’tseva, E. Iu. Staniukovich-Denisova, A. V. Zakharova. St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg Univ. Press, 2018, pp. 742–756. ISSN 2312-2129

• Morava School srpskikod.or (in English and Serbian)