Molgula
| Molgula | |
|---|---|
| |
| Molgula oculata; a) branchial orifice; b) atrial orifice | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Subphylum: | Tunicata |
| Class: | Ascidiacea |
| Order: | Stolidobranchia |
| Family: | Molgulidae |
| Genus: | Molgula |
| Synonyms[1] | |
| |
Molgula, or sea grapes, are very common, globular, individual marine tunicates roughly the size of grapes.[1]
They are translucent with two protruding siphons. They are found subtidally, attached to slow-moving submerged objects or organisms. All species of Molgula have a fluid-filled structure called the renal sac.[2] The renal sac contains nitrogenous wastes, solid concretions composed of weddellite and calcite,[3] and an apicomplexan symbiont called Nephromyces.[4]
In the western Atlantic Ocean, they range from the Arctic to North Carolina, to the center of the United States Eastern Seaboard.[5]
Species
[edit]- Molgula aidae Oka, 1914
- Molgula amesophleba (Codreanu & Mack-Fira, 1956)
- Molgula antiborealis Millar, 1967
- Molgula appendiculata Heller, 1877
- Molgula arenata Stimpson, 1852
- Molgula bacca (Herdman, 1910)
- Molgula bathybia (Hartmeyer, 1912)
- Molgula bisinus Monniot, 1989
- Molgula bleizi (Lacaze-Duthiers, 1877)
- Molgula bourbonis Monniot, 1994
- Molgula braziliensis Millar, 1958
- Molgula brieni Monniot & Monniot, 1976
- Molgula calvata Sluiter, 1904
- Molgula caminae Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1988
- Molgula celata (Michaelsen, 1914)
- Molgula celebensis Millar, 1975
- Molgula celtica Monniot, C., 1970
- Molgula citrina Alder & Hancock, 1848
- Molgula coactilis Monniot & Monniot, 1977
- Molgula complanata Alder & Hancock, 1870
- Molgula conchata Sluiter, 1898
- Molgula confluxa (Sluiter, 1912)
- Molgula contorta Sluiter, 1898
- Molgula cooperi (Huntsman, 1912)
- Molgula crinita Sluiter, 1904
- Molgula crustosa Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1988
- Molgula cryptica Millar, 1962
- Molgula cynthiaeformis Hartmeyer, 1903
- Molgula davidi Monniot, 1972
- Molgula delicata Monniot & Monniot, 1991
- Molgula dextrocarpa Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1974
- Molgula diaguita Monniot & Andrade, 1983
- Molgula dicosta Millar, 1988
- Molgula dione (Savigny, 1816)
- Molgula discogona Millar, 1975
- Molgula diversa Kott, 1972
- Molgula dolichentera Millar, 1960
- Molgula ellistoni Kott, 1972
- Molgula elva Kott, 2008
- Molgula enodis (Sluiter, 1912)
- Molgula eobia Redikorzev, 1941
- Molgula estadosi Monniot & Monniot, 1983
- Molgula eugyroides Traustedt, 1883
- Molgula euplicata Herdman, 1923
- Molgula euprocta Drasche, 1884
- Molgula falsensis Millar, 1955
- Molgula ficus (Macdonald, 1859)
- Molgula flagrifera Sluiter, 1904
- Molgula fortuita Monniot & Monniot, 1984
- Molgula georgiana Michaelsen, 1922
- Molgula gigantea (Cunningham, 1871)
- Molgula griffithsii (MacLeay, 1825)
- Molgula habanensis Van Name, 1945
- Molgula hartmeyeri Oka, 1914
- Molgula helleri Drasche, 1884
- Molgula herdmani Brewin, 1958
- Molgula hirta Monniot F. 1965
- Molgula hodgsoni Herdman, 1910
- Molgula hozawai Oka, 1932
- Molgula impura Heller, 1877
- Molgula incidata Kott, 1985
- Molgula japonica Hartmeyer, 1906
- Molgula karubari Monniot & Monniot, 2003
- Molgula kerguelenensis Kott, 1954
- Molgula kiaeri Hartmeyer, 1901
- Molgula kolaensis Ärnbäck-Christie-Linde, 1928
- Molgula kophameli Michaelsen, 1900
- Molgula lapidifera Redikorzev, 1941
- Molgula longipedata Sluiter, 1904
- Molgula longitubis Monniot, 2002
- Molgula longivascula Millar, 1982
- Molgula lutulenta Herdman, 1923
- Molgula macquariensis Kott, 1954
- Molgula malvinensis Arnback, 1938
- Molgula manhattensis (De Kay, 1843)
- Molgula marioni Millar, 1960
- Molgula millari Kott, 1971
- Molgula mira (Ärnbäck, 1931)
- Molgula mollis Herdman, 1899
- Molgula monodi Peres, 1949
- Molgula mortenseni (Michaelsen, 1922)
- Molgula napiformis Lambert, 1993
- Molgula novaeselandiae (Michaelsen, 1912)
- Molgula occidentalis Traustedt, 1883
- Molgula occulta Kupffer, 1875
- Molgula oculata Forbes, 1848
- Molgula oligostriata Tokioka, 1949
- Molgula oregonia Ritter, 1913
- Molgula pacifica (Huntsman, 1912)
- Molgula pedunculata Herdman, 1881
- Molgula phytophila Monniot, 1970
- Molgula pigafettae Monniot & Monniot, 1983
- Molgula pila Monniot & Monniot, 1985
- Molgula plana Monniot, C., 1971
- Molgula platana Van Name, 1945
- Molgula platei Hartmeyer, 1914
- Molgula platybranchia (Monniot, 1970)
- Molgula primitiva Redikorzev, 1941
- Molgula provisionalis Van Name, 1945
- Molgula pugetiensis Herdman, 1898
- Molgula pulchra Michaelsen, 1900
- Molgula pumila Monniot F. & Monniot C., 1976
- Molgula pyriformis Herdman, 1881
- Molgula redikorzevi Oka, 1914
- Molgula regularis Ritter, 1907
- Molgula retortiformis Verrill, 1871
- Molgula rheophila (Pérès, 1956)
- Molgula riddlei F. Monniot, 2011
- Molgula ridgewayi (Herdman, 1906)
- Molgula rima Kott, 1972
- Molgula robini Monniot & Monniot, 1983
- Molgula robusta (Van Name, 1912)
- Molgula romeri Hartmeyer, 1903
- Molgula rotunda Oka, 1914
- Molgula roulei Monniot C., 1969
- Molgula sabulosa (Quoy & Gaimard, 1834)
- Molgula salvadori Monniot, 1970
- Molgula satyrus Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1993
- Molgula scutata Millar, 1955
- Molgula setigera Arnback, 1938
- Molgula shimodensis Nishikawa, 1982
- Molgula simplex Alder & Hancock, 1870
- Molgula siphonalis Kiaer, 1896
- Molgula siphonata Alder, 1850
- Molgula sluiteri (Michaelsen, 1922)
- Molgula socialis Alder, 1863
- Molgula solenata (Lacaze-Duthiers, 1877)
- Molgula somaliensis Millar, 1988
- Molgula sphaera Kott, 1972
- Molgula spiralis Kott, 1954
- Molgula susana Monniot & Monniot, 1976
- Molgula tagi Michaelsen, 1923
- Molgula taprobane Herdman, 1906
- Molgula tectiformis Nishikawa, 1991
- Molgula tethys Monniot F. & Monniot C., 1974
- Molgula topata Monniot & Monniot, 1987
- Molgula tubifera (Orstedt, 1844)
- Molgula tzetlini Sanamyan, 1993
- Molgula undulata (Tokioka, 1949)
- Molgula vara Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1979
- Molgula variazizi Monniot, 1978
- Molgula verrilli (Van Name, 1912)
- Molgula verrucifera Ritter & Forsyth, 1917
- Molgula xenophora Oka, 1914
References
[edit]- ^ a b Sanamyan, K.; Monniot, C. (2012). Molgula Forbes, 1848. In: Noa Shenkar, Arjan Gittenberger, Gretchen Lambert, Marc Rius, Rosana Moreira Da Rocha, Billie J. Swalla, Xavier Turon (2012) Ascidiacea World Database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=103509 on 2012-02-26
- ^ Van Name, Willard Gibbs (1945). "The North and South American ascidians". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 84. hdl:2246/1186.
- ^ Saffo, Mary Beth; Lowenstam, Heinz A. (1978-06-09). "Calcareous Deposits in the Renal Sac of a Molgulid Tunicate". Science. 200 (4346): 1166–1168. doi:10.1126/science.200.4346.1166. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17745108. S2CID 33253067.
- ^ "Malaria, Sea Grapes, and Kidney Stones: A Tale of Parasites Lost - The Loom". The Loom. 2010-08-24. Retrieved 2017-08-02.
- ^ Andrew J. Martinez (2003). Marine Life of the North Atlantic: Canada to New England. Aqua Quest Publications. ISBN 9781881652328. Retrieved 2007-02-17.
Further reading
[edit]- Howson, C. M.; Picton, B. E. (Ed.) (1997). The species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the British Isles and surrounding seas. Ulster Museum Publication, 276. The Ulster Museum: Belfast, UK. ISBN 0-948150-06-8. vi, 508 (+ cd-rom) pp.
- Monniot, C. (2001). Ascidiacea & Sorberacea, in: Costello, M. J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 352–355
- Sanamyan, K. (2007). Database of extant Ascidiacea. Version of 2 November 2007
