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List of governors of Illinois

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Governor of Illinois
Seal of the State of Illinois
Flag of Illinois
since January 14, 2019
ResidenceIllinois Governor's Mansion
Term lengthFour years, no term limits
Inaugural holderShadrach Bond
FormationOctober 6, 1818 (1818-10-06)
Salary$177,412 (2015)[1]
Websitegov.illinois.gov

The governor of Illinois is the head of government of the U.S. state of Illinois. The governor is the head of the executive branch of Illinois's state government and is charged with enforcing state laws. The governor has the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Illinois Legislature, to convene the legislature, and to grant pardons, except in cases of impeachment.[2] The governor is also the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces.

Since becoming a state in 1818, 43 people have served as governor of Illinois; before statehood, it had only one territorial governor, Ninian Edwards. The longest-serving governor was James R. Thompson, who was elected to four terms lasting 14 years, from 1977 to 1991. Only one governor, Richard J. Oglesby, has served multiple non-consecutive terms, having been elected in 1864, 1872, and 1884.

The current governor is J. B. Pritzker, who took office on January 14, 2019.[3]

List of governors

[edit]

Territory of Illinois

[edit]

Illinois Territory was formed on March 1, 1809, from Indiana Territory.[4] It had only two governors appointed by the president of the United States before it became a state, and only one ever took office.

Governors of Illinois Territory
No. Governor Term in office[a] Appointed by
1 John Boyle
(1774–1834) 		March 7, 1809
–
April 3, 1809
(resigned before taking office)[b] 		James Madison
2 Ninian Edwards[c]
(1775–1833)
[9][10] 		April 24, 1809[d]
–
October 6, 1818
(statehood)[e] 		James Madison

State of Illinois

[edit]

Illinois was admitted to the Union on December 3, 1818, consisting of the southern portion of Illinois Territory; the remainder was assigned to Michigan Territory.[17]

The first Illinois Constitution, ratified in 1818, provided that a governor be elected every 4 years[18] for a term starting on the first Monday in the December following an election.[19] The constitution of 1848 moved the start of the term to the second Monday in January starting in 1849, thus shortening the term won in the 1844 election to 2 years.[20] Governors were not allowed to succeed themselves[19] until the 1870 constitution, which removed this limit.

The office of lieutenant governor was created in the first constitution,[21] to exercise the power of governor if that office becomes vacant.[22] The 1848 constitution changed this to say the power "devolves" upon the lieutenant governor in case of a vacancy.[23] The current constitution of 1970 made it so that, in the event of a vacancy, the lieutenant becomes governor,[24] and the governor and lieutenant governor are now elected on the same ticket.[25] If the governor feels seriously impeded in performing their job, they can inform the secretary of state and the next in the line of succession, who becomes acting governor until the governor can resume office.[24]

Governors of the State of Illinois
No.[f] Governor Term in office Party Election Lt. Governor[g][h]
1   Shadrach Bond
(1773–1832)
[28][29] 		October 6, 1818[30]
–
December 5, 1822
(term-limited)[i] 		Democratic-
Republican[32] 		1818   Pierre Menard
2 Edward Coles
(1786–1868)
[33][34] 		December 5, 1822[35]
–
December 6, 1826
(term-limited)[i] 		Independent[36] 1822 Adolphus Hubbard
3 Ninian Edwards
(1775–1833)
[10][9][37] 		December 6, 1826[30]
–
December 6, 1830
(term-limited)[i] 		Democratic-
Republican[j] 		1826 William Kinney
4 John Reynolds
(1788–1865)
[41][42] 		December 6, 1830[30]
–
November 17, 1834
(resigned)[k] 		Democratic[43] 1830 Zadok Casey[l]
(resigned March 1, 1833)
William Lee D. Ewing[l]
(acting)
5 William Lee D. Ewing
(1795–1846)
[44][45] 		November 17, 1834[46]
–
December 3, 1834
(successor took office) 		Democratic[m] Lieutenant
governor
acting 		Vacant
6 Joseph Duncan
(1794–1844)
[48][49] 		December 3, 1834[50]
–
December 7, 1838
(term-limited)[i] 		Whig[51][n] 1834 Alexander M. Jenkins[l]
(resigned December 9, 1836)
William H. Davidson[l]
(acting)
7 Thomas Carlin
(1789–1852)
[52][53] 		December 7, 1838[54]
–
December 8, 1842
(term-limited)[i] 		Democratic[55] 1838 Stinson Anderson
8 Thomas Ford
(1800–1850)
[56][57] 		December 8, 1842[58]
–
December 9, 1846
(term-limited)[i] 		Democratic[59] 1842 John Moore
9 Augustus C. French
(1808–1864)
[60][61] 		December 9, 1846[62]
–
January 10, 1853
(term-limited)[o] 		Democratic[64] 1846[p] Joseph Wells
1848 William McMurtry
10 Joel Aldrich Matteson
(1808–1873)
[65][66] 		January 10, 1853[67]
–
January 12, 1857
(term-limited)[o] 		Democratic[68] 1852 Gustav Koerner
11 William Henry Bissell
(1811–1860)
[69][70] 		January 12, 1857[71]
–
March 18, 1860
(died in office) 		Republican[72] 1856 John Wood
12 John Wood
(1798–1880)
[73][74] 		March 18, 1860[75]
–
January 14, 1861
(successor took office) 		Republican[39] Lieutenant
governor
acting 		Thomas Marshall[l]
(acting)
13 Richard Yates
(1815–1873)
[76][77] 		January 14, 1861[78]
–
January 16, 1865
(term-limited)[o] 		Republican[79] 1860 Francis Hoffmann
14 Richard J. Oglesby
(1824–1899)
[80][81] 		January 16, 1865[82]
–
January 11, 1869
(term-limited)[o] 		Republican[39] 1864 William Bross
15 John M. Palmer
(1817–1900)
[83][84] 		January 11, 1869[85]
–
January 13, 1873
(term-limited)[q] 		Republican[39] 1868 John Dougherty
14 Richard J. Oglesby
(1824–1899)
[80][81] 		January 13, 1873[86]
–
January 23, 1873
(resigned)[r] 		Republican[39] 1872 John Lourie Beveridge
16 John Lourie Beveridge
(1824–1910)
[87][88] 		January 23, 1873[89]
–
January 8, 1877
(successor took office) 		Republican[39] Lieutenant
governor
acting 		John Early
(acting)
(term ended January 8, 1875)
Archibald A. Glenn[l]
(acting)
17 Shelby Moore Cullom
(1829–1914)
[90][91] 		January 8, 1877[92]
–
February 6, 1883
(resigned)[s] 		Republican[39] 1876 Andrew Shuman
1880 John Marshall Hamilton
18 John Marshall Hamilton
(1847–1905)
[94][95] 		February 6, 1883[93]
–
January 30, 1885
(successor took office) 		Republican[39] Lieutenant
governor
acting 		William J. Campbell
(acting)
14 Richard J. Oglesby
(1824–1899)
[80][81] 		January 30, 1885[96]
–
January 14, 1889
(did not run) 		Republican[39] 1884 John C. Smith
19 Joseph W. Fifer
(1840–1938)
[97][98] 		January 14, 1889[99]
–
January 10, 1893
(lost election) 		Republican[39] 1888 Lyman Beecher Ray
20 John Peter Altgeld
(1847–1902)
[100][101] 		January 10, 1893[102]
–
January 11, 1897
(lost election) 		Democratic[39] 1892 Joseph B. Gill
21 John Riley Tanner
(1844–1901)
[103][104] 		January 11, 1897[105]
–
January 14, 1901
(did not run)[t] 		Republican[39] 1896 William Northcott
22 Richard Yates Jr.
(1860–1936)
[106][107] 		January 14, 1901[108]
–
January 9, 1905
(lost nomination)[106] 		Republican[39] 1900
23 Charles S. Deneen
(1863–1940)
[109][110] 		January 9, 1905[111]
–
February 3, 1913
(lost election) 		Republican[39] 1904 Lawrence Yates Sherman
1908 John G. Oglesby
24 Edward Fitzsimmons Dunne
(1853–1937)
[112][113] 		February 3, 1913[114]
–
January 8, 1917
(lost election) 		Democratic[39] 1912 Barratt O'Hara
25 Frank Orren Lowden
(1861–1943)
[115][116] 		January 8, 1917[117]
–
January 10, 1921
(did not run)[115] 		Republican[39] 1916 John G. Oglesby
26 Len Small
(1862–1936)
[118][119] 		January 10, 1921[120]
–
January 14, 1929
(did not run) 		Republican[39] 1920 Fred E. Sterling
1924
27 Louis Lincoln Emmerson
(1863–1941)
[121][122] 		January 14, 1929[123]
–
January 9, 1933
(did not run)[121] 		Republican[39] 1928
28 Henry Horner
(1878–1940)
[124][125] 		January 9, 1933[126]
–
October 6, 1940
(died in office) 		Democratic[39] 1932 Thomas Donovan
1936 John Henry Stelle
29 John Henry Stelle
(1891–1962)
[127][128] 		October 6, 1940[129]
–
January 13, 1941
(successor took office) 		Democratic[39] Lieutenant
governor
acting 		Vacant
30 Dwight H. Green
(1897–1958)
[130][131] 		January 13, 1941[132]
–
January 10, 1949
(lost election) 		Republican[39] 1940 Hugh W. Cross
1944
31 Adlai Stevenson II
(1900–1965)
[133][134] 		January 10, 1949[135]
–
January 12, 1953
(did not run)[u] 		Democratic[39] 1948 Sherwood Dixon
32 William Stratton
(1914–2001)
[136][137] 		January 12, 1953[138]
–
January 9, 1961
(lost election) 		Republican[39] 1952 John William Chapman
1956
33 Otto Kerner Jr.
(1908–1976)
[139][140] 		January 9, 1961[141]
–
May 20, 1968
(resigned)[v] 		Democratic[39] 1960 Samuel H. Shapiro
1964
34 Samuel H. Shapiro
(1907–1987)
[143][144] 		May 21, 1968[145]
–
January 13, 1969
(lost election) 		Democratic[39] Lieutenant
governor
acting 		Vacant
35 Richard B. Ogilvie
(1923–1988)
[146][147] 		January 13, 1969[148]
–
January 8, 1973
(lost election) 		Republican[39] 1968 Paul Simon[l]
36 Dan Walker
(1922–2015)
[149][150] 		January 8, 1973[151]
–
January 10, 1977
(lost nomination)[w] 		Democratic[39] 1972 Neil Hartigan
37 James R. Thompson
(1936–2020)
[152][153] 		January 10, 1977[154]
–
January 14, 1991
(did not run) 		Republican[153] 1976[x] Dave O'Neal
(resigned July 31, 1981)
1978
Vacant
1982 George Ryan
1986
38 Jim Edgar
(b. 1946)
[156] 		January 14, 1991[157]
–
January 11, 1999
(did not run) 		Republican[156] 1990 Bob Kustra
(resigned July 1, 1998)
1994
Vacant
39 George Ryan
(b. 1934)
[158] 		January 11, 1999[159]
–
January 13, 2003
(did not run) 		Republican[158] 1998 Corinne Wood
40 Rod Blagojevich
(b. 1956)
[160] 		January 13, 2003[161]
–
January 29, 2009
(impeached and removed)[y] 		Democratic[160] 2002 Pat Quinn
2006
41 Pat Quinn
(b. 1948)
[163] 		January 29, 2009[164]
–
January 12, 2015
(lost election) 		Democratic[163] Succeeded from
lieutenant
governor 		Vacant
2010 Sheila Simon
42 Bruce Rauner
(b. 1956)
[165] 		January 12, 2015[166]
–
January 14, 2019
(lost election) 		Republican[165] 2014 Evelyn Sanguinetti
43 J. B. Pritzker
(b. 1965)
[167] 		January 14, 2019[168]
–
Incumbent[z] 		Democratic[167] 2018 Juliana Stratton
2022

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The range given is from the date the governor was confirmed by the Senate, or appointed by the President during a Senate recess, to the date the governor left office.
  2. ^ Boyle was nominated on March 6, 1809,[5] and confirmed by the Senate on March 7.[6] However, he resigned on April 3, having never taken office.[7]
  3. ^ Territorial Secretary Nathaniel Pope served as acting governor until Edwards arrived in Illinois in June 1809.[8]
  4. ^ Edwards was appointed on April 24, 1809;[9] nominated on June 16;[11] and confirmed by the Senate on June 17.[12] He took office on June 11.[9] He was reappointed on July 7, 1812,[13] during a Senate recess; reconfirmed on November 20, 1812;[14] reappointed on November 20, 1815,[15] during a Senate recess; and reconfirmed on January 9, 1816.[16]
  5. ^ Edwards served as governor until statehood, when he was elected to the United States Senate.
  6. ^ Based on the official site labeling Bruce Rauner as the 42nd governor,[26] it is assumed the official numbering includes repeat governors only once; subsequent terms are marked with their original number italicized.
  7. ^ Lieutenant governors represented the same party as their governor unless noted.
  8. ^ When the lieutenant governor is serving as governor, the Illinois Blue Book considers the president pro tempore of the senate to be acting lieutenant governor. However, this only applies to acting lieutenant governors before 1883; after that, there are no acting lieutenant governors noted, and instead these are marked vacant. It is unknown why this changed; the constitution does not appear to have any relevant changes around that time.[27]
  9. ^ a b c d e f Under the 1818 constitution, governors were limited to no more than four years out of every term of eight years.[31]
  10. ^ Dubin labels Edward as a pro-Administration candidate;[38] Kallenbach labels him as National Republican;[39] and Sobel and Glashan label him as Democratic-Republican.[10][40]
  11. ^ Reynolds resigned, having been elected to the United States House of Representatives.[42]
  12. ^ a b c d e f g Represented the Democratic Party
  13. ^ Kallenbach labels Ewing a National Republican[39] and Glashan labels him a Democratic-Republican.[47] However, Sobel describes him as a "Jacksonian Democrat," which would be the opposition to those parties.[44]
  14. ^ By the time of Duncan's nomination and election, news of his defection to the Whig Party had not yet reached Illinois. As a result, Duncan was elected as a Democrat, though he did not take office as one.
  15. ^ a b c d Under the 1848 constitution, governors elected after 1848 were limited to no more than four years out of every term of eight years.[63]
  16. ^ The election schedule was shifted after this term, shortening it to two years.[20]
  17. ^ The term limit was removed in the 1870 constitution, but Palmer was first elected under the previous constitution; Sobel writes that this meant he was term-limited.[83]
  18. ^ Oglesby resigned, having been elected to the United States Senate.[81]
  19. ^ Cullom resigned, having been elected to the United States Senate.[91][93]
  20. ^ Tanner instead ran unsuccessfully for the Republican nomination to the United States Senate.[103]
  21. ^ Stevenson instead ran unsuccessfully for President of the United States.[133]
  22. ^ Kerner resigned, having been confirmed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit.[140][142]
  23. ^ Walker lost the Democratic nomination to Michael Howlett.[149]
  24. ^ The schedule for the 1970 constitution provided that the 1976 election would be for a two-year term, shifting the election schedule away from presidential election years.[155]
  25. ^ Blagojevich was impeached and removed from office on charges of corruption.[160][162]
  26. ^ Pritzker's second term began on January 9, 2023, and will expire January 11, 2027.

References

[edit]
General
  • "Former Illinois Governors". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 23, 2023.
  • "Illinois Blue Book" (PDF). Illinois Secretary of State. pp. 359–360. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
  • Sobel, Robert (1978). Biographical directory of the governors of the United States, 1789-1978, Vol. I. Meckler Books. ISBN 9780930466015. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
  • McMullin, Thomas A. (1984). Biographical directory of American territorial governors. Westport, CT : Meckler. ISBN 978-0-930466-11-4. Retrieved January 19, 2023.
  • Dubin, Michael J. (2003). United States Gubernatorial Elections, 1776-1860: The Official Results by State and County. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-1439-0.
  • Dubin, Michael J. (2014). United States Gubernatorial Elections, 1861-1911: The Official Results by State and County. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-5646-8.
  • Kallenbach, Joseph Ernest (1977). American State Governors, 1776-1976. Oceana Publications. ISBN 978-0-379-00665-0. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
  • Glashan, Roy R. (1979). American Governors and Gubernatorial Elections, 1775-1978. Meckler Books. ISBN 978-0-930466-17-6.
  • "Our Campaigns - Governor of Illinois - History". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved July 25, 2023.
Constitutions
Specific
  1. ^ "Governors' Salaries, 2015". The Council of State Governments. June 25, 2013. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
  2. ^ IL Const. art. V
  3. ^ "Election Results". Elections.il.gov. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
  4. ^ 2 Stat. 514
  5. ^ U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 11th Cong., special sess., 119, accessed February 23, 2023.
  6. ^ U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 11th Cong., special sess., 120, accessed February 23, 2023.
  7. ^ The Territorial Papers of the United States: Volume XVI: The Territory of Illinois 1809-1814 (PDF). United States Government Publishing Office. 1948. pp. 18–19.
  8. ^ Robert P. Howard (1988), Mostly Good and Competent Men: Illinois Governors, 1818–1988, Illinois Issues and the Illinois State Historical Society, 39–40.
  9. ^ a b c d McMullin 1984, pp. 145–147.
  10. ^ a b c Sobel 1978, pp. 366–367.
  11. ^ U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 11th Cong., 1st sess., 122, accessed February 23, 2023.
  12. ^ U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 11th Cong., 1st sess., 124, accessed February 23, 2023.
  13. ^ Ferguson, Gillum (2012). Illinois in the War of 1812. University of Illinois Press. pp. 115–130. doi:10.5406/j.ctt1xcqz0.12. ISBN 978-0-252-03674-3.
  14. ^ U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 12th Cong., 2nd sess., 305, accessed February 23, 2023.
  15. ^ The Territorial Papers of the United States: Volume I: General. United States Government Publishing Office. 1934. p. 11.
  16. ^ U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 14th Cong., 1st sess., 21, accessed February 23, 2023.
  17. ^ 3 Stat. 536
  18. ^ 1818 Const. art. III, § 2
  19. ^ a b 1818 Const. art. III, § 3
  20. ^ a b 1848 Const. art. IV, § 3
  21. ^ 1818 Const. art. III, § 13
  22. ^ 1818 Const. art. III, § 18
  23. ^ 1848 Const. art. IV, § 19
  24. ^ a b IL Const. art. V, § 6
  25. ^ IL Const. art. V, § 4
  26. ^ "About the Governor". State of Illinois. Archived from the original on April 26, 2018. Retrieved April 25, 2018.
  27. ^ Illinois Blue Book, p. 360
  28. ^ Sobel 1978, p. 365.
  29. ^ "Shadrack Bond". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 23, 2023.
  30. ^ a b c Kallenbach pp. 161–162
  31. ^ "1818 Ill. Const. art. III, § 3". www.stateconstitutions.umd.edu. Retrieved December 17, 2023.
  32. ^ Dubin 2003, p. 45.
  33. ^ Sobel 1978, p. 366.
  34. ^ "Edward Coles". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 23, 2023.
  35. ^ "Illinois Legislature". Edwardsville Spectator. December 14, 1822. p. 1. Retrieved August 16, 2023.
  36. ^ Howard, Robert P. (1988). Mostly Good and Competent Men (2nd ed.). Springfield, Illinois: Institute for Public Affairs. pp. 12, 372. ISBN 0-938943-15-4.
  37. ^ "Ninian Edwards". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 23, 2023.
  38. ^ Dubin 2003, p. 46.
  39. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Kallenbach 1977, p. 161.
  40. ^ Glashan 1979, p. 80.
  41. ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 367–368.
  42. ^ a b "John Reynolds". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 23, 2023.
  43. ^ Howard, Robert P. (1988). Mostly Good and Competent Men (2nd ed.). Springfield, Illinois: Institute for Public Affairs. p. 31. ISBN 0-938943-15-4.
  44. ^ a b Sobel 1978, p. 368.
  45. ^ "William Lee Davidson Ewing". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 23, 2023.
  46. ^ "Resignation". Vandalia Whig and Illinois Intelligencer. November 27, 1834. p. 2. Retrieved August 16, 2023.
  47. ^ Glashan 1979, p. 78.
  48. ^ Sobel 1978, p. 369.
  49. ^ "Joseph Duncan". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 23, 2023.
  50. ^ Illinois General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. 1834 sess., 21, accessed August 16, 2023
  51. ^ Dubin 2003, p. 47.
  52. ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 369–370.
  53. ^ "Thomas Carlin". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 23, 2023.
  54. ^ Illinois General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. 1838 sess., 16, accessed August 16, 2023
  55. ^ Dubin 2003, p. 48.
  56. ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 370–371.
  57. ^ "Thomas Ford". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 23, 2023.
  58. ^ Illinois General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. 1842 sess., 33, accessed August 16, 2023
  59. ^ Dubin 2003, p. 49.
  60. ^ Sobel 1978, p. 371.
  61. ^ "Augustus C. French". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 23, 2023.
  62. ^ Illinois General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. 1846 sess., 13, accessed August 16, 2023
  63. ^ "1848 Ill. Const. art. IV, § 3". www.stateconstitutions.umd.edu. Retrieved December 17, 2023.
  64. ^ Dubin 2003, pp. 49–50.
  65. ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 371–372.
  66. ^ "Joel Aldrich Matteson". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 23, 2023.
  67. ^ Illinois General Assembly. Journal of the House of Representatives. 1853 sess., 46, accessed August 16, 2023
  68. ^ Dubin 2003, p. 51.
  69. ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 372–373.
  70. ^ "William Henry Bissell". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 23, 2023.
  71. ^ Illinois General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. 1857 sess., 60, accessed August 16, 2023
  72. ^ Dubin 2003, p. 52.
  73. ^ Sobel 1978, p. 373.
  74. ^ "John Wood". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 23, 2023.
  75. ^ "Death of Gov. Bissell". The Rock Island Argus. March 21, 1860. p. 2. Retrieved August 17, 2023.
  76. ^ Sobel 1978, p. 374.
  77. ^ "Richard Yates Sr". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 23, 2023.
  78. ^ Illinois General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. 1861 sess., 58, accessed August 16, 2023
  79. ^ Dubin 2003, p. 53.
  80. ^ a b c Sobel 1978, pp. 374–375.
  81. ^ a b c d "Richard James Oglesby". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 23, 2023.
  82. ^ Illinois General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. 1865 sess., 163, accessed August 16, 2023
  83. ^ a b Sobel 1978, p. 376.
  84. ^ "John McAuley Palmer". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 23, 2023.
  85. ^ Illinois General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. 1869 sess., 186, accessed August 16, 2023
  86. ^ Illinois General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. 1873 sess., 52, accessed August 16, 2023
  87. ^ Sobel 1978, p. 377.
  88. ^ "John Lourie Beveridge". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 23, 2023.
  89. ^ Illinois General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. 1873 sess., 138, accessed August 16, 2023
  90. ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 377–378.
  91. ^ a b "Shelby Moore Cullom". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 23, 2023.
  92. ^ Illinois General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. 1877 sess., 39, accessed August 16, 2023
  93. ^ a b "Down and Out: The Governor's Resignation". Chicago Tribune. February 7, 1883. p. 3. Retrieved February 24, 2023.
  94. ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 378–379.
  95. ^ "John Marshall Hamilton". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 23, 2023.
  96. ^ Illinois General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. 1885 sess., 122, accessed August 16, 2023
  97. ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 379–380.
  98. ^ "Joseph Wilson Fifer". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 23, 2023.
  99. ^ Illinois General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. 1889 sess., 99, accessed August 16, 2023
  100. ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 380–381.
  101. ^ "John Peter Altgeld". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 23, 2023.
  102. ^ Illinois General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. 1893 sess., 113, accessed August 16, 2023
  103. ^ a b Sobel 1978, p. 381.
  104. ^ "John Riley Tanner". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 23, 2023.
  105. ^ Illinois General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. 1897 sess., 167, accessed August 16, 2023
  106. ^ a b Sobel 1978, p. 382.
  107. ^ "Richard Yates Jr". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 23, 2023.
  108. ^ Illinois General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. 1901 sess., 173, accessed August 16, 2023
  109. ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 382–383.
  110. ^ "Charles Samuel Deneen". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 23, 2023.
  111. ^ Illinois General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. 1905 sess., 237, accessed August 16, 2023
  112. ^ Sobel 1978, p. 383.
  113. ^ "Edward Fitzsimmons Dunne". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 23, 2023.
  114. ^ Illinois General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. 1913 sess., 395, accessed August 16, 2023
  115. ^ a b Sobel 1978, p. 384.
  116. ^ "Frank Orren Lowden". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 23, 2023.
  117. ^ Illinois General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. 1917 sess., 239, accessed August 16, 2023
  118. ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 384–385.
  119. ^ "Lennington Small". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 23, 2023.
  120. ^ Illinois General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. 1921 sess., 313, accessed August 16, 2023
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