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Homestead–Miami Speedway

Coordinates: 25°27′07″N 80°24′31″W / 25.45194°N 80.40861°W / 25.45194; -80.40861
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Homestead–Miami Speedway

Location1 Ralph Sanchez Speedway Boulevard
Homestead, Florida 33035
Time zoneUTC−5 (UTC−4 DST)
Coordinates25°27′07″N 80°24′31″W / 25.45194°N 80.40861°W / 25.45194; -80.40861
Capacity43,000
OwnerCity of Homestead
OperatorNASCAR (2019–present)
International Speedway Corporation (2001–2019)
Miami Motorsports (1995–2001)
Broke groundAugust 24, 1993; 31 years ago (1993-08-24)
OpenedNovember 3, 1995; 29 years ago (1995-11-03)
Construction cost$59 million USD
Former namesMiami-Dade Homestead Motorsports Complex (1995–1998)
Major eventsCurrent:
NASCAR Cup Series
Straight Talk Wireless 400 (1999–present)
NASCAR Xfinity Series
Credit One NASCAR Amex Credit Card 300 (1995–present)
NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series
Baptist Health 200 (1996–2020, 2022–present)
Future:
Formula E
Miami ePrix (2025)
Former:
IndyCar Series
Grand Prix of Miami (1996–2010)
Rolex Sports Car Series
Grand Prix of Miami (1998, 2000–2012)
FR Americas (2020)
Trans-Am Series (1996, 1998, 2014–2018)
FIA GT Championship (1998–1999)
AMA Superbike Championship (1996, 2012)
Websitehomesteadmiamispeedway.com
Oval (2003–present)
Length1.500 miles (2.414 km)
BankingTurns: 18–20°
Straights: 4°
Race lap record0:24.682 (United States Sam Hornish Jr., Dallara IR-03, 2004, IndyCar)
Modified Road Course (1997–present)
Length2.300 miles (3.701 km)
Turns11
Race lap record1:10.791 (United Kingdom James Weaver, Crawford SSC2K, 2002, LMP900)
Oval (1997–2002)
Length1.5 miles (2.4 km)
BankingTurns: 6°
Straights: 3°
Race lap record0:26.825 (United Kingdom Dario Franchitti, Reynard 99I, 1999, CART)
Original Road Course (1995–present)
Length2.210 miles (3.556 km)
Turns13
Race lap record1:16.495 (Germany Bernd Schneider, Mercedes-Benz CLK LM, 1998, GT1)
Rectangular Quad-Oval (1995–1996)
Length1.527 miles (2.457 km)
Turns4
BankingTurns: 6°
Straights: 3°
Race lap record0:28.385 (Canada Greg Moore, Reynard 96I, 1996, CART)

Homestead–Miami Speedway (formerly known as the Homestead Motorsports Complex from 1995 to 1998) is a 1.500 mi (2.414 km) oval-shaped intermediate speedway in Homestead, Florida. It has hosted various major auto racing series throughout its existence, including NASCAR, IndyCar, and FIA GT Championship. The facility is currently owned by the city of Homestead and operated by NASCAR, and is led by track president Guillermo Santa Cruz. Homestead–Miami Speedway is served by U.S. Route 1 and Florida State Road 821.

The facility has a capacity of 43,000 as of 2019. Along with the main oval track, the facility features a road course layout that uses parts of the oval along with a specially designed infield road course. The facility also features numerous amenities, including a 0.5 mi (0.80 km) by 0.125 mi (0.201 km) lake and a two-story media center.

Seeking a permanent venue for the Grand Prix of Miami, auto racing promoter Ralph Sanchez initiated plans to build a complex in 1991. After numerous failed proposals, the city of Homestead, recovering from the effects of Hurricane Andrew, was able to woo Sanchez into building the permanent complex within the city and was completed by 1995. In the following four years, the city of Homestead and Sanchez made numerous accommodations to then-NASCAR president Bill France Jr. to gain a NASCAR Cup Series race weekend, including the reconfiguration of the track from a rectangle to an oval-shaped track in 1997. In the 2000s, numerous renovations were made to the track, including a second reconfiguration, the installation of SAFER barriers and lights, and other amenities.

Description

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Configuration

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The complex's oval layout in its current form is measured at 1.5 mi (2.4 km), with a progressive system of banking of 18–20° in the turns and 4° of banking on the track's straights.[1] The complex also features a 2.3 mi (3.7 km), 11-turn "roval" layout that uses parts of the oval along with a specially designed infield road course.[2] From 1997–2003, the oval layout featured a banking of 6° in the turns and 3° in the straights.[3]

When the complex was first built, it featured a rectangle-shaped layout similar in shape to the Indianapolis Motor Speedway alongside a 2.21 mi (3.56 km), 13-turn road course layout that utilized parts of the rectangle along with specially designed parts of the track that were contained within the track's infield.[4][5][6] The rectangle's layout distance was disputed by sanctioning bodies; NASCAR used a length of 1.51 mi (2.43 km),[4] and Championship Auto Racing Teams (CART) used a length of 1.527 mi (2.457 km).[7]

Amenities

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refer to caption
The infield lake at Homestead–Miami Speedway pictured in 2015.

Homestead–Miami Speedway is served by U.S. Route 1 and Florida State Road 821,[8] and covers approximately 650 acres (260 ha) according to the Miami Herald.[9] As of 2019, the facility has a capacity of 43,000 according to Forbes.[10] Within the track's infield is a 90 ft (27 m) deep, 0.5 mi (0.80 km) by 0.125 mi (0.201 km) lake that is occasionally used for fishing tournaments[11] along with a 18,000 square feet (1,700 m2), two-story media center that was constructed in 2008.[12] The facility also features an art deco aesthetic made by Day One that combines "aqua blue, tan, and purple" according to Yahoo Sports' Jay Busbee.[13]

Track history

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Planning and construction

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Failed Munisport proposal

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On March 27, 1991, the Miami Herald made public that Grand Prix of Miami promoter Ralph Sanchez sought to build a permanent racing facility in Miami-Dade County, Florida, submitting a bill through the Florida Legislature that proposed that a local tourist tax would expand to let the tax be used to fund motorsports facilities. According to the Herald, he asked for up to $20 million in tax money to build the facility.[14] The bill had passed earlier in the Florida House of Representatives on the 21st.[15] Sanchez wanted to seek out a permanent facility for the Grand Prix of Miami, which had been run as a street course on city streets.[16][17] Three days after the initial report, the Herald reported that Sanchez was considering a location at Amelia Earhart Park;[18] the plan faced heavy opposition from nearby residents.[19] The bill later passed the Florida Senate in May of that year.[20] In December, Florida legislators voted over a budget proposal of $48.5 million to various sports and events in the Miami area;[21] within the proposal was a plan to give $9 million to Sanchez to build the permanent facility.[22] Sanchez wanted as much as $25 million, but local government leaders cut the amount down.[23] The proposal was approved on the 19th;[17] with the $9 million, Sanchez stated that he aimed to use the money to improve amenities on the street course.[23][24]

By May 1992, Sanchez began considering a proposal to build a 2.1 mi (3.4 km) racetrack on the Munisport landfill in North Miami, proposing to build the track in two phases.[25] A noise test for nearby residents was conducted the following month,[26] with the proposal receiving mixed, highly polarizing reactions from residents who either supported or opposed the facility.[27][28] The North Miami City Council approved the proposal on June 26,[29] with Sanchez later stating hopes to host CART IndyCar World Series races.[30] In response, a group of approximately 90 people who opposed the project was formed: the Citizens for the Public Use of Munisport. The group argued that the land was designated to be used as public land according to a referendum voted on by local citizens more than 20 years before the approval.[31] Opposition towards the proposal grew heavily by September, with multiple cities stating their opposition to the project.[32][33][34] On October 18, the Herald reported that the Munisport proposal was officially dead, with Sanchez stating to the Herald, "with the opposition mounting in North Miami, we were feeling a little unwanted."[35]

Homestead proposal, construction

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On October 4, in the aftermath of Hurricane Andrew and in midst of the confirmation of the sale of the Villages of Homestead real estate project, Homestead City Manager Alex Muxo stated his hopes to woo Sanchez into building his motorsports complex in Homestead.[36] 11 days later, Muxo stated in a press conference that Sanchez had agreed to build the complex east of the Homestead Sports Complex, with the Metro-Dade Finance Committee promising $11 million for the project.[37] The committee's investment was approved in November, with Sanchez stating that with the approval, "we can start to build almost right away."[38] Another $1.7 million investment was given by the Homestead City Council in February 1993.[39] However, three months later, the project was put into jeopardy when a real estate deal was delayed when Homestead Properties, the owner of approximately 360 acres (150 ha) of prospective land the city of Homestead looked to buy, was sued for alleged misuse of insurance funds.[40] In addition, Sanchez stated in July that "soil conditions and flood criteria requirements" as potential causes for a possible delay.[41]

On July 27, 1993, the Metro-Dade Commission approved the use of $20 million in hotel taxes to invest into the facility, more than half of the budget Sanchez needed for the project; with the approval, Sanchez acquired a total of $31 million for the project.[42][43] By this point, plans for the facility included 9,000 permanent seats and restaurants.[42] In August, plans for the complex were officially unveiled: the 350-acre (140 ha) complex planned to include two oval tracks and the original road course, with Sanchez hoping to host IndyCar, IMSA, Trans-Am Series, Formula One, and NASCAR races at the facility.[44]

Groundbreaking occurred within the month on the 24th, with NASCAR president Bill France Jr. appearing as a dignitary.[45] Eight days later, construction was halted after numerous environmental groups and agencies pressured Muxo and the city of Homestead to stop clearing land over concerns of a lack of environmental permits.[46] As a result, the $20 million promised by the Metro-Dade Commission was temporarily blocked[47] and the initial announced opening of November 1994 was delayed.[48] On February 24, 1994, Sanchez stated in The Palm Beach Post that he hoped construction would resume the following week;[49] however, new complaints from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service arose the following month.[50] In May, construction resumed on the complex after the city of Homestead was able to obtain all the permits needed to resume construction, ending an eight-month delay.[51][52] Two months later, the projected cost for the project increased by approximately $6 million, leading developers to "temporarily" scale back the project by removing grandstands for the track's first race.[53] The track's first confirmed event was announced in September, with a race weekend highlighted by a NASCAR Busch Series race scheduled to christen the track from November 3–5, 1995.[54][55]

refer to caption
Wayne Huizenga (pictured in the 1980s) offered a $20 million loan to cover the complex's deficits during construction, eventually becoming a minority owner of Miami Motorsports.

Financial troubles continued throughout the end of 1994 and the beginning of 1995. In October, the city of Homestead began to consider selling bonds to finance construction,[56] drafting a sale in December.[57] County oversight was also sought to be greatly increased by November, with the budget for the project approaching $50 million.[58] By April 1995, track developers still owed approximately $11 million to various contractors, with Homestead mayor Ted DeMilly stating in the Miami Herald that "not only don't we have a lot of money, but we have a real time crunch."[59] The following month, businessman Wayne Huizenga offered a $20 million loan to cover the track's remaining deficits[60] in exchange for a minority ownership of the complex.[61] By July, the project's cost increased to an expected $58 million; however, despite the increased costs, the Dade County commission received criticism for not providing bond issues to help fund the track.[62] By the end of the track's initial construction, plans for the track included 65,000 total seats, 70 condominiums, and an oval track layout similar to the layout of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway,[63] with a final projected cost of $59 million (adjusted for inflation, $117,974,230).[64]

First years, oval reconfiguration

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refer to caption
Dale Jarrett (pictured in 1997) won the first major race at the Homestead–Miami Speedway.

The first tire tests on the facility were conducted by Busch Series driver Chad Little on August 9, 1995, with Little praising the track's oval layout.[65] Multi-car tests were run two months later; although consistent praise for the track's oval layout was given, numerous drivers crashed during the session, including one that injured driver Mike Harmon with a fractured left leg.[66] The first race run at the facility on November 4, with Dexter Canipe winning a NASCAR Goody's Dash Series race.[67][68] The track's first highlight race occurred the following day, with a crowd of 65,000 watching Dale Jarrett win a Busch Series race.[69] After the weekend, the track's surface drew criticism from numerous Busch Series drivers for being too slippery outside of the regular racing line; in response to the criticism, Sanchez pledged to fix the issue by placing down polymer on the track's surface.[70] On March 3, 1996, the complex held its first open-wheel race at the facility, with Jimmy Vasser winning a Championship Auto Racing Teams (CART) event.[71]

After the facility's first CART race weekend, track developers announced the repaving of all four corners due to concerns of a lack of passing, with the corners being widened.[72] The repaving was completed by September of that year;[73] the new track surface drew concerns over the track being too fast for open-wheel racing.[74] After a Busch Series race in November, the track still received criticism by drivers and reporters for a lack of passing.[75] At the same time, Sanchez began initiating plans to obtain a NASCAR Winston Cup Series (now known as the NASCAR Cup Series) date. According to The Tampa Tribune, $17 million worth of renovations were made to the facility in 1996, which focused on adding bathrooms, hospitality centers, and television screens.[76][77] The following year, Sanchez announced plans in March to reconfigure the rectangle track into an oval-shaped track at a cost of $8 million, with Sanchez stating that if they did not reconfigure the track, "there is no chance we'll get a Winston Cup race."[78][79] That same month, the facility oversaw its first fatality when NASCAR driver John Nemechek suffered brain injuries from a crash during a NASCAR Truck Series race.[80] Construction on the reconfiguration started on March 24[81] and was completed by November for the track's annual Busch Series race.[82]

International Speedway Corporation buyout, conflict with city of Homestead, 2000s renovations

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In further efforts to lure a Winston Cup race, attempts were made to make NASCAR president Bill France Jr. a partner for the Miami Motorsports group that leased the track from the city of Homestead; however, the talks broke down by March 1997.[83] However, by the following month, the city of Homestead voted on changing the lease to allow an option to let the France family purchase Miami Motorsports;[84] it was approved on April 7.[85] By July, talks to convince France Jr. to become a partner of Miami Motorsports resumed,[86] officially announcing on the 23rd[87] that the France family-owned International Speedway Corporation (ISC) and the Roger Penske-owned Penske Motorsports each bought out a 40% share of Miami Motorsports, with Sanchez and Huizenga each retaining 10% ownership.[88] Sanchez stepped down from day-to-day operations in November, with Brian Skuza being appointed as general manager of the track.[89] In March 1998, Sanchez's ownership was bought out, with ISC and Penske Motorsports each increasing their ownership to 45%.[90] In September, Skuza officially announced the confirmation of a Winston Cup Series date for 1999.[91] In order to accommodate a Cup Series race weekend, the facility was upgraded to hold 71,763 permanent seats; an addition of 21,000.[92] In July 1999, the facility underwent a rebranding, with the facility being renamed as the Homestead–Miami Speedway.[93] That same month, ISC bought out Penske Motorsports, with ISC gaining a 90% stake over Miami Motorsports.[94] As part of the move, Skuza was replaced by executive vice president Curtis Gray as president of the track.[95] In September 2001, ISC bought out Huizenga's share of Homestead–Miami Speedway, LLC, taking over full control of the lease.[96]

By 2001, the city of Homestead was reported to have lost $34–51 million on potential profit on the track since 1999 due to the city changing its lease agreements to obtain a Cup Series date,[97] with Miami Herald writer Carl Hiaasen stating that due to the decision to change the city's lease agreement with ISC, "with one baffling stroke of the pen, Homestead agreed that it would take no share of its own speedway's profits, even if the NASCAR races were wildly successful."[98] In response to criticism, Gray stated that the track was not obligated to pay taxes to the city despite a Supreme Court of Florida ruling to end the track's property tax exemption[99] and that the facility was a "viable entity" for the city of Homestead despite the city of Homestead blaming their financial crisis on the track's lease agreement.[100] Gray later stated that critics of the facility and the lease agreement were "misinformed and looking for a scapegoat."[101]

refer to caption
NASCAR cars on pit road during a nighttime qualifying session in 2015. In 2005, the facility installed lights to accommodate racing at nighttime.

In 2002, the facility experienced its second fatality when driver Jeff Clinton was decapitated when he crashed during a practice session for a Grand American Sports Car race.[102][103] The following year in April, track leaders began considering a reconfiguration to increasing the banking on the track's turns due to complaints from drivers that passing other drivers on the track was too difficult.[104] The $10 million reconfiguration was officially announced the following month, with the track's turns being reconfigured to a variable banking system of 18–20°.[3] Along with the reconfiguration, the addition of soft wall SAFER barriers were announced to increase driver safety.[105] The reconfiguration was completed in time for the 2003 Ford 400 in November and received positive reactions from drivers and NASCAR officials.[106][107] In 2004, Gray announced his consideration of installing lights to accommodate nighttime racing at the facility.[108] After approval was given by the United States Air Force,[109] the plan was officially confirmed in April 2005 with a budget of approximately $8 million;[110] the project was completed by November.[111] Two months after the announcement, the construction of the $14 million Turn One Tower, a luxury seating section, was announced.[112] In 2006, the track's third fatality occurred when IndyCar driver Paul Dana died in a practice crash for the 2006 Toyota Indy 300.[113] Two years later, track officials announced the construction of a new $8 million media center.[12]

Capacity decline, leadership changes

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In 2009, Gray stepped down from his position as president, with Matthew Becherer being named as Gray's replacement.[114] Two years later, track officials began lobbying for an expansion that would add 12,000 seats and other improvements to the facility.[115] Although the proposal was approved by July of that year,[116] by 2014, the track was reported by ISC to have decreased to 46,000 seats according to Bob Pockrass of Sporting News.[117] By 2019, according to Forbes' Dave Caldwell, the facility decreased its seating capacity to 43,000.[10] That same year, NASCAR bought out ISC in October, taking control of the lease for the track;[118][119] a month later, Becherer left his position as president, being replaced by senior vice president of operations of Homestead–Miami Speedway, Al Garcia.[120] Garcia retained his position until 2024, when he was replaced by Guillermo Santa Cruz.[121]

Events

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Racing

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NASCAR

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See also: NASCAR Cup Series at Homestead–Miami, NASCAR Xfinity Series at Homestead–Miami, and NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series at Homestead–Miami
refer to caption
A NASCAR Cup Series race at Homestead–Miami Speedway in 2017.

Since 1999, the track has hosted the annual Straight Talk Wireless 400.[122] Starting in 2002, the race became the final race of the Cup Series season,[123] a tradition that lasted until 2019 when the season finale was moved to the NASCAR-owned Phoenix Raceway.[124] NASCAR's lower-tier series, the second-tier Xfinity Series and third-tier Truck Series, have also raced at the facility, with both series making their debut in November 1995 for the track's inaugural race weekend.[125]

Open-wheel racing

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See also: Grand Prix of Miami § Homestead–Miami Speedway, and Miami ePrix

Starting in 1996, the Grand Prix of Miami was moved from a street course based in Miami to then-named Homestead Motorsports Complex,[126] with Jimmy Vasser winning the first open-wheel event at the facility.[71] Until 2000, the event was sanctioned by Championship Auto Racing Teams (CART); CART failed to renew to 2001,[127] with the Indy Racing League (IRL) taking over sanctioning rights for the event.[128] In 2009, the race moved from being the season opener to the season finale for the IRL.[129] The series failed to renew for the 2011 season, ending a 17-year tenure at the track.[130]

In 2025, Formula E is scheduled to make their debut at the facility for the Miami ePrix, racing on the facility's road course.[131]

Other racing events

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Other events and uses

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  • Since 2021, the facility holds an annual Christmas lights drive-thru display that features over one million Christmas lights.[136]

Layout history

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  • Original Oval (1995–1996)
    Original Oval (1995–1996)
  • Speedway (1997–present)
    Speedway (1997–present)
  • Original Road Course (1995–present)
    Original Road Course (1995–present)
  • Modified Road Course (1997–present)
    Modified Road Course (1997–present)

Lap records

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As of June 2021, the fastest official race lap records at Homestead-Miami Speedway are listed as:

Category Time Driver Vehicle Event
Original Road Course: 3.557 km (1995–present)[137]
GT1 (Prototype) 1:16.495[138] Bernd Schneider Mercedes-Benz CLK LM 1998 FIA GT Homestead 500km
WSC 1:18.851[139] Butch Leitzinger Riley & Scott Mk III 1998 Homestead 2 Hours 15 Minutes
Formula Regional 1:22.457[140] Linus Lundqvist Ligier JS F3 2020 Homestead FR Americas round
GT2 1:22.597[141] Karl Wendlinger Chrysler Viper GTS-R 1999 FIA GT Homestead 3 Hours
Superbike 1:23.046[142] Roger Lee Hayden Suzuki GSX-R1000 2012 Homestead AMA Pro American Superbike round
Barber Pro 1:25.010[143] Nilton Rossoni Reynard 98E 1998 Homestead Barber Pro round
Supersport 1:26.066[144] Jake Gagne Yamaha YZF-R6 2012 Homestead AMA Pro Daytona Sportbike round
Ferrari Challenge 1:26.540[145] Cooper MacNeil Ferrari 488 Challenge Evo 2021 Homestead Ferrari Challenge North America round
Formula 4 1:30.690[146] Hunter Yeany Crawford F4-16 2020 Homestead F4 United States round
Modified Road Course (using part of Oval): 3.701 km (1997–present)[137]
LMP900 1:10.791[147] James Weaver Crawford SSC2K 2002 Nextel 250
DP 1:12.136[148] Buddy Rice Coyote CC/09 2009 Gainsco Grand Prix of Miami
LMP675 1:15.804[149] Brent Sherman Lola B2K/40 2000 Nextel 250
TA1 1:16.733[150] Ernie Francis Jr. Ford Mustang Trans-Am 2018 Homestead Trans-Am round
GT 1:17.039[147] Steven Ivankovich Porsche 911 GT3-RS (996) 2002 Nextel 250
GT1 (GTS) 1:17.618[147] Franz Konrad Saleen S7-R 2002 Nextel 250
GTO 1:18.584[149] Terry Borcheller Saleen Ford Mustang 2000 Nextel 250
American GT 1:18.869[147] Jack Willes Chevrolet Corvette 2002 Nextel 250
US F2000 1:19.645[151] Spencer Pigot Van Diemen DP08 2011 Homestead US F2000 Winterfest round
Porsche Carrera Cup 1:19.749[152] Wolf Henzler Porsche 911 (997) GT3 Cup 2007 Grand Prix of Miami
TA2 1:22.029[153] Raphael Matos Chevrolet Camaro Trans-Am 2018 Homestead Trans-Am round
Formula 4 1:24.371[154] Raphael Forcier Crawford F4-16 2017 Homestead F4 United States round
Oval: 2.414 km (2003–present)[137]
IndyCar 0:24.6822[155] Sam Hornish Jr. Dallara IR-03 2004 Toyota Indy 300
Indy Lights 0:28.4127[156] Thiago Medeiros Dallara IPS 2004 Homestead Indy Lights round
NASCAR Cup 0:31.527[157] Kevin Harvick Ford Mustang 2019 Ford EcoBoost 400
NASCAR Truck 0:32.480[158] Justin Haley Chevrolet Silverado 2018 Ford EcoBoost 200
NASCAR Xfinity 0:32.593[159] Cole Custer Ford Mustang GT 2018 Ford EcoBoost 300
Oval: 2.414 km (1997–2002)[137]
CART 0:26.825 Dario Franchitti Reynard 99I 1999 Marlboro Grand Prix of Miami
Indy Lights 0:30.271[160] Shigeaki Hattori Lola T97/20 1998 Homestead Indy Lights round
Barber Pro 0:43.129[161] Nilton Rossoni Reynard 98E 2000 Homestead Barber Pro round
Rectangular Quad-Oval: 2.457 km (1995–1996)[137]
CART 0:28.385 Greg Moore Reynard 96I 1996 Grand Prix of Miami
Indy Lights 0:32.580[162] Mark Hotchkis Lola T93/20 1996 Homestead Indy Lights round

References

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  1. ^ "Homestead-Miami Speedway". ESPN. November 19, 2018. Archived from the original on September 19, 2024. Retrieved September 3, 2024.
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  10. ^ a b Caldwell, Dave (November 14, 2019). "Why NASCAR's Championship Race Doesn't Feel Like One". Forbes. Archived from the original on September 19, 2024. Retrieved September 18, 2024.
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  13. ^ Busbee, Jay (November 22, 2015). "Born of tragedy, Homestead Speedway has helped a city return". Yahoo Sports. Archived from the original on September 19, 2024. Retrieved September 19, 2024.
  14. ^ Kidwell, David (March 27, 1991). "Tax money sought for car race track". Miami Herald. pp. 1B, 3B. Archived from the original on September 19, 2024. Retrieved September 2, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  15. ^ Bousquet, Steve (April 3, 1991). "Bed tax hike called dead by legislator". Miami Herald. pp. 1BR, 6BR. Archived from the original on September 19, 2024. Retrieved September 3, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  16. ^ Nielziedka, Amy (November 13, 1991). "2 racers hospitalized; Miami course blamed". Miami Herald. pp. 3C. Archived from the original on September 19, 2024. Retrieved September 3, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
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  18. ^ Kidwell, David (March 30, 1991). "Earhart Park considered for race track". Miami Herald. pp. 1B, 2B. Archived from the original on September 19, 2024. Retrieved September 2, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  19. ^ Garateix, Marilyn (April 14, 1991). "Neighbors of park disagree on proposed car testing track". Miami Herald. p. 10. Archived from the original on September 19, 2024. Retrieved September 2, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  20. ^ Kidwell, David (May 3, 1991). "Lawmakers pass a county bed tax to boost culture". Miami Herald. pp. 2B. Archived from the original on September 19, 2024. Retrieved September 3, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  21. ^ Goldberb, Carl; Strouse, Charles (December 19, 1991). "Battle over sports dollars heats up". Miami Herald. pp. 1B, 4B. Archived from the original on September 19, 2024. Retrieved September 3, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  22. ^ Strouse, Charles (December 19, 1991). "$9 million for racetrack a 'big maybe'". Miami Herald. pp. 1B. Archived from the original on September 19, 2024. Retrieved September 3, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
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