KCNQ1 overlapping transcript 1, also known as KCNQ1OT1, is a long non-coding RNAgene found in the KCNQ1 locus. This locus consists of 8–10 protein-coding genes, specifically expressed from the maternal allele (including the KCNQ1 gene), and the paternally expressed non-coding RNA gene KCNQ1OT1.[3] KCNQ1OT1 and KCNQ1 are imprinted genes and are part of an imprinting control region (ICR). Mitsuya identified that KCNQ1OT1 is an antisense transcript of KCNQ1. KCNQ1OT1 is a paternally expressed allele and KCNQ1 is a maternally expressed allele.[4] KCNQ1OT1 is a nuclear, 91 kb transcript, found in close proximity to the nucleolus in certain cell types.[5][6]
It interacts with chromatin, the histone methyltransferase G9a (responsible for the mono- and dimethylation of histone 3 lysine 9, H3K9), and the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2, PRC2, (responsible for the trimethylation of H3K27).[5] It plays an important role in the transcriptional silencing of the KCNQ1 locus by regulating histone methylation.[3] An 890 bp region at the 5′ end of KCNQ1OT1 acts as a silencing domain.[7][8] This region regulates CpG methylation levels of somatically acquired differentially methylated regions (DMRs), mediates the interaction of KCNQ1OT1 with chromatin and with DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), but does not affect the interactions of histone methyltransferases with KCNQ1OT1.[8]
The misregulation of the imprinted gene KCNQ1OT1 can lead to a variety of abnormalities. The loss of the maternal methylation of the KCNQ1OT1 allele is most commonly associated with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome.[9] The deletion of KCNQ1OT1 in males can result in a removal of the repressor in six cis genes.[10] Offspring from the males that had KCNQ1OT1 knocked out weighed 20–25% less than the control.[10] If the deletion occurred in females, their offspring had no growth restrictions. Furthermore, uniparental paternal disomy (UPD) of KCNQ1OT1 is strongly associated with Wilms’ tumor. In fact, three out of four patients with Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome and Wilms’ tumor had UPD.[11] When KCNQ1OT1 transcript is truncated, normally repressed alleles on the paternal chromosome are instead expressed.[12] As the evidence shows, the misregulation of KCNQ1OT1 can lead to disastrous physical and genetic effects.
^Mitsuya K, Meguro M, Lee MP, Katoh M, Schulz TC, Kugoh H, Yoshida MA, Niikawa N, Feinberg AP, Oshimura M (July 1999). "LIT1, an imprinted antisense RNA in the human KvLQT1 locus identified by screening for differentially expressed transcripts using monochromosomal hybrids". Human Molecular Genetics. 8 (7): 1209–1217. doi:10.1093/hmg/8.7.1209. PMID10369866.
^ abFitzpatrick GV, Soloway PD, Higgins MJ (November 2002). "Regional loss of imprinting and growth deficiency in mice with a targeted deletion of KvDMR1". Nature Genetics. 32 (3): 426–431. doi:10.1038/ng988. PMID12410230. S2CID24387570.
^Henry I, Bonaiti-Pellié C, Chehensse V, Beldjord C, Schwartz C, Utermann G, Junien C (June 1991). "Uniparental paternal disomy in a genetic cancer-predisposing syndrome". Nature. 351 (6328): 665–667. Bibcode:1991Natur.351..665H. doi:10.1038/351665a0. PMID1675767. S2CID4365894.
Mitsuya K, Meguro M, Lee MP, Katoh M, Schulz TC, Kugoh H, Yoshida MA, Niikawa N, Feinberg AP, Oshimura M (July 1999). "LIT1, an imprinted antisense RNA in the human KvLQT1 locus identified by screening for differentially expressed transcripts using monochromosomal hybrids". Human Molecular Genetics. 8 (7): 1209–1217. doi:10.1093/hmg/8.7.1209. PMID10369866.
Cerrato F, Vernucci M, Pedone PV, Chiariotti L, Sebastio G, Bruni CB, Riccio A (July 2002). "The 5′ end of the KCNQ1OT1 gene is hypomethylated in the Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome". Human Genetics. 111 (1): 105–107. doi:10.1007/s00439-002-0751-1. PMID12136243. S2CID32090374.
Soejima H, Nakagawachi T, Zhao W, Higashimoto K, Urano T, Matsukura S, Kitajima Y, Takeuchi M, Nakayama M, Oshimura M, Miyazaki K, Joh K, Mukai T (May 2004). "Silencing of imprinted CDKN1C gene expression is associated with loss of CpG and histone H3 lysine 9 methylation at DMR-LIT1 in esophageal cancer". Oncogene. 23 (25): 4380–4388. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1207576. PMID15007390. S2CID29576523.
Du M, Zhou W, Beatty LG, Weksberg R, Sadowski PD (August 2004). "The KCNQ1OT1 promoter, a key regulator of genomic imprinting in human chromosome 11p15.5". Genomics. 84 (2): 288–300. doi:10.1016/j.ygeno.2004.03.008. PMID15233993.
