Gulamgiri

Gulamgiri is a seminal work authored by Jyotirao Phule, a prominent Indian social activist, anti-caste reformer, thinker, and writer from Maharashtra. Originally published in Marathi in 1873, with a preface in English, the book addresses issues related to caste, slavery, and social reform, making it one of the earliest critiques of the caste system.^[1]

Jyotirao Govindrao Phule, born on April 11, 1827, dedicated 25 years of his life to educating the marginalized Shudras-Atishudras, recognizing that lack of education was at the root of their socio-economic problems. He started with one school and expanded to 18. Phule critiqued Brahminical casteism, speaking on themes of hypocrisy, sin, and exploitation perpetuated in the name of religion.

'Gulamgiri'' presents a reinterpretation of Indian history and mythology, challenging the Brahminical narratives that upheld their cultural dominance. Phule utilized a dialogue format, engaging in conversations with an interlocutor named Dhondirao. The book delves into various avatars of Vishnu, presenting non-Aryan warriors as valiant heroes and original rulers of India. Phule humanizes the conflicts between Aryans and non-Aryans, rejecting fantastical mythological tales and introducing a more plausible historical narrative.This criticism stemmed mostly from his Protestant Christian leanings and missionary influence on his thought processes.

The seventh chapter of the book addresses the creation of castes, proposing alternative theories regarding the origin of Mahar caste and criticizing the insulting names imposed on certain communities. Phule rejects both the mythological concept of 'Parampurush' and the theory of Chaturvarna, presenting a dissenting viewpoint on the narratives that Brahmins used to claim superiority. The book explores the racial theory of caste, suggesting that Brahmins were of foreign origin and had manipulated religious texts to establish their dominance. Notably, the work is credited with anticipating modern ideas related to the interconnectedness of economic and cultural subordination.

Gulamgiri delves into the creation of castes, challenging the origins and naming conventions associated with various communities. Phule discusses figures like Parshuram and Baliraja, offering alternative perspectives on their roles in shaping the caste structure. The book provides critical insights into the historical development of castes in India. Gulamgiri holds a significant place in the history of the movement against cultural hegemony in India. Phule's fearless critique of Brahmanical ideologies and his attempt to create a parallel historical narrative have left a lasting impact on discussions around caste and social reform.