Greenhouse Item

Greenhouse Item
Information
Country	United States
Test series	Operation Greenhouse
Test site	Enewetak
Date	May 25, 1951
Test type	Atmospheric
Yield	45.5 kt
Test chronology
← Greenhouse George Buster-Jangle Able →

Greenhouse-Item was an American nuclear test conducted on May 25, 1951, as part of Operation Greenhouse at the Pacific Proving Ground, specifically on the island of Engebi in the Eniwetok Atoll in the Central Pacific Ocean. This test explosion was the second test of a boosted fission weapon, the second instance of artificial thermonuclear fusion, following the Greenhouse George test on May 9.

In this test deuterium-tritium (D-T) gas was injected into the enriched uranium core of a nuclear fission bomb. The extreme heat of the fissioning bomb produced thermonuclear fusion reactions within the D-T gas, but not enough of them to be considered a full nuclear fusion bomb. This fusion reaction released a large number of free neutrons, which greatly increased the efficiency of the nuclear fission reaction. The explosive yield of this bomb was 45.5 kilotons, about twice the yield of the unboosted bomb.

The device was code-named "Booster" in its development stages, a name for the mechanism coined by Edward Teller in September 1947. Planning for it had begun in the late 1940s. According to the researcher Chuck Hansen, it was mentioned in official U.S. Atomic Energy Commission documents as early as 1947. The main problems in development were making modifications to the fission core to accept the gas correctly without reducing its own efficiency. The 1951 test was primarily to test the nuclear principles involved, and to gain research data, and it was not considered a design for a weaponizable device. Even as late as 1954, no boosted weapon had entered into the nuclear-weapons stockpile, and the only use for the Greenhouse Item nuclear test had been for its research results.

The "Booster" device was detonated at 6:17 am on May 25, 1951, from a 200-foot-tall (61 m) shot tower on the island of Engebi in the Enewetok Atoll, and its fusion fuel was injected by means of a cryogenic pump at the base of the tower.

• 
  Item fireball.
• 
  Device being raised upward towards its shot-tower.
• 
  Preparing the "booster" for the test.
• 
  The Item casing.

• Chuck Hansen, Swords of Armageddon, 1995, esp. "The Item Shot" in Volume III.

• The short film Nuclear Test Film - Operation Greenhouse (1951) is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive.
• Operation Greenhouse at nuclearweaponarchive.org