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Ginevra King

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Ginevra King
A black-and-white photograph of Ginevra King captured in profile, looking to the left. She has short, wavy hair styled close to her head and is wearing a light-colored dress.
A 20-year-old Ginevra King on the July 1918 cover of Town & Country magazine
Born(1898-11-30)November 30, 1898
Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
DiedDecember 13, 1980(1980-12-13) (aged 82)
Charleston, South Carolina, U.S.
Burial placeLake Forest Cemetery
Alma materWestover School (expelled)
OccupationSocialite
Spouses
  • William "Bill" Mitchell
    ​
    ​
    (m. 1918; div. 1939)​
  • John T. Pirie Jr.
    ​
    (m. 1942)​
Children3
Relatives

Ginevra King Pirie (November 30, 1898 – December 13, 1980) was an American socialite and heiress.[1] As one of the self-proclaimed "Big Four" debutantes of Chicago during World War I,[2] King inspired many characters in the novels and short stories of Jazz Age writer F. Scott Fitzgerald; in particular, the character of Daisy Buchanan in The Great Gatsby.[3] A 16-year-old King met an 18-year-old Fitzgerald at a sledding party in Saint Paul, Minnesota, and they shared a passionate romance from 1915 to 1917.[4]

Although King was "madly in love" with Fitzgerald,[5] their relationship ended when King's family intervened.[6] Her father Charles Garfield King purportedly warned the young writer that "poor boys shouldn't think of marrying rich girls",[7][8] and he forbade further courtship of his daughter by Fitzgerald.[a][9] A heartbroken Fitzgerald dropped out of Princeton University and enlisted in the United States Army amid World War I.[10][11] While courting his future wife Zelda Sayre and other young women while garrisoned near Montgomery, Alabama, Fitzgerald continued to write to King in the hope of rekindling their relationship.[12]

While Fitzgerald served in the army, King's father arranged her marriage to William "Bill" Mitchell [wd], the son of his wealthy business associate John J. Mitchell.[13][14] An avid polo player, Bill Mitchell became the director of Texaco,[15] and he partly served as the model for Thomas "Tom" Buchanan in The Great Gatsby.[b][16] Despite King marrying Mitchell and Fitzgerald marrying Zelda Sayre, Fitzgerald remained forever in love with King until his death.[17][18] Fitzgerald scholar Maureen Corrigan notes that King, far more so than the author's wife Zelda Sayre, became "the love who lodged like an irritant in Fitzgerald's imagination, producing the literary pearl that is Daisy Buchanan".[19] In the mind of Fitzgerald, King became the prototype of the unobtainable, upper-class woman who embodies the elusive American Dream.[20]

During her relationship with Fitzgerald, Ginevra wrote a Gatsby-like story which she sent to the young author.[21] In her story, she is trapped in a loveless marriage with a wealthy man yet still pines for Fitzgerald.[21] The lovers are reunited only after Fitzgerald attains enough money to take her away from her adulterous husband.[21] Fitzgerald kept Ginevra's story with him, and scholars have noted the plot similarities between Ginevra's story and Fitzgerald's novel.[22]

King separated from Mitchell in 1937 after an unhappy marriage.[23][24] A year later, Fitzgerald attempted to reunite with King when she visited Hollywood in 1938.[25] The reunion proved a disaster due to Fitzgerald's alcoholism, and a disappointed King returned to Chicago.[25][26] She later married John T. Pirie Jr., a business tycoon and owner of the Chicago department retailer Carson Pirie Scott & Company.[27] She died in 1980 at the age of 82 at her estate in Charleston, South Carolina.[27]

Early life and education

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A painting by Leonardo da Vinci depicting Ginevra de' Benci, a noblewoman from 15th-century Florence. Ginevra is shown with a solemn expression, her face slightly turned to the right but still gazing directly at the viewer. She has pale skin, and her hair is styled in tight curls that frame her face.
Leonardo da Vinci's portrait Ginevra de' Benci, after which King, her mother, and grandmother, were named

Born in Chicago, on November 30, 1898, King was the eldest daughter of socialite Ginevra Fuller (1877–1964) and Chicago stockbroker Charles Garfield King (1874–1945).[28][29] She had two younger sisters, Marjorie and Barbara.[28] Like her mother and her grandmother, her name derived from Ginevra de' Benci, a 15th-century Florentine aristocratic woman whom Leonardo da Vinci painted in an eponymous work.[30] Both sides of Ginevra's family were extravagantly wealthy,[31] and they exclusively socialized with the other "old money" families in Chicago such as the Mitchells, Armours, Cudahys, Swifts, McCormicks, Palmers, and Chatfield-Taylors.[32] The privileged children of these prominent Chicago families played together, attended the same private schools, and endogamously married within this small social circle.[33][13][34][32]

Raised in luxury at her family's sprawling estate in the racially segregated White Anglo-Saxon Protestant township of Lake Forest,[35][36][19] Ginevra enjoyed a carefree life of riding polo ponies and playing tennis as well as engaging in private-school intrigues and country-club flirtations.[19] Due to her family's immense wealth, the Chicago press chronicled Ginevra's mundane social activities, and newspaper columnists fêted the young Ginevra as one of the city's most desirable debutantes.[37][38] Accordingly, King developed "a clear sense of her family's wealth and position and, from an early age, a highly developed understanding of how social status worked".[39] She socialized within an elite circle of other wealthy Chicago debutantes—self-proclaimed as the "Big Four"[c]—which included her friends Edith Cummings, Courtney Letts, and Margaret Carry:[41][40]

The [Big Four] girls went to dances and house parties together, and they were seen as a foursome on the golf links and tennis courts at Onwentsia. If other girls were jealous, Ginevra and her three friends did not care. The Big Four was complete; it would admit no further members.[42]

"She's got an indiscreet voice," I remarked."It's full of—" I hesitated.

"Her voice is full of money," he said suddenly.

That was it. I'd never understood before. It was full of money—that was the inexhaustible charm that rose and fell in it, the jingle of it, the cymbals' song of it.... High in the white palace the king's daughter, the golden girl....

—F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby[43]

As a privileged teenager cocooned in a small circle of wealthy Protestant families,[44] King developed a notorious self-centeredness,[45] and she purportedly lacked introspection.[46] Intensely competitive, King disliked losing to anyone at anything—tennis, golf or basketball.[47] This competitiveness did not extend to her academic studies.[48] Although she completed her schoolwork, she disliked learning and instead preferred parties where she could sit up late gossiping with her Big Four friends.[48] Her closest friend and confidant in the Big Four quartet, Edith Cummings, later became one of the premier amateur golfers during the Jazz Age and served as the model for the character of Jordan Baker in Fitzgerald's 1925 novel The Great Gatsby.[49]

In 1914, King's father sent Ginevra to Middlebury, Connecticut, to attend the Westover School, an exclusive finishing school for the daughters of America's wealthiest families.[50] Her Westover schoolmates included such notable persons as Isabel Stillman Rockefeller of the Rockefeller dynasty, as well as Margaret Livingston Bush and Mary Eleanor Bush,[d] the aunts of President George H. W. Bush.[52] The school prided itself on inculcating a sense of duty and noblesse oblige in its pupils.[53] Most of Westover's attendees later became the wives of wealthy men who sought "fulfillment in social activities, in child-rearing, and, if they wished to, in helping the needy."[53]

Romance with Fitzgerald

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Some day—Scott—some day. Perhaps in a year—two—three—We'll have that perfect hour! I want it—and so we'll have it! It may be different then but after a while we would be brought back to the way I feel now...

—Ginevra King, Letter to F. Scott Fitzgerald, February 1915[54]

While visiting her Westover roommate Marie Hersey in St. Paul, Minnesota,[e][56] a 16-year-old Ginevra King met an 18-year-old F. Scott Fitzgerald at a sledding party on Summit Avenue on January 4, 1915.[57] At the time, Fitzgerald was a sophomore at Princeton University.[58] The two teenagers fell in love.[59][5][60] Fitzgerald later described this petting encounter: "It was the sleigh ride he remembered most and kissing her cool cheeks in the straw in one corner while she laughed up at the cold white stars. The couple next to them had their backs turned and he kissed her little neck and her ears and never her lips."[61]

After this flirtatious encounter in Minnesota, Ginevra returned to Westover in Connecticut, and Fitzgerald returned to Princeton in New Jersey. He deluged Ginevra with correspondence which pleased her as she measured her popularity "by which boys wrote to her and how many letters she received".[62] Against his wishes, Ginevra read Fitzgerald's intimate letters aloud to her Westover classmates for their amusement.[63] At one point, Ginevra asked for a photograph of him as she coyly professed to recall only that he had "yellow hair" and "blue eyes".[64]

The lovers corresponded for months, and they exchanged photographs. Over time, their letters became passionate.[55] Ginevra began having erotic dreams about Scott and "slept with his letters" in the hope "that dreams about him would come in the night".[65] Fitzgerald visited Westover several times, and Ginevra wrote in her diary that she was "madly in love with him".[5] In March 1915, Fitzgerald asked Ginevra to be his date for Princeton's sophomore prom, the most anticipated social event of the year for the young writer,[66][67] but Ginevra's mother forbade Ginevra to attend as the consort of the middle-class Fitzgerald.[66] Undaunted by this refusal, Fitzgerald secretly visited Ginevra's Lake Forest estate in June 1915 when her parents were not home, and the unchaperoned lovers enjoyed an intimate "midnight frolic".[f][68]

A black-and-white photograph of a young F. Scott Fitzgerald seated, reading a book, with his profile facing to the left. He is dressed in a 1920s suit, and his hair is neatly combed back.
A black-and-white photograph of a young Ginevra King wearing a large, wide-brimmed hat. She is wearing a coat with a mink fur scarf around her neck. She has dark eyes and short dark hair.
Writer F. Scott Fitzgerald's romance and life-long obsession with Ginevra King inspired the plot of his 1925 novel The Great Gatsby. As one of the wealthiest socialites in the Midwest, King was often fêted in the press as among Chicago's most desirable debutantes.

As the months passed, King and Fitzgerald rendezvoused in different locations, and they discussed—perhaps lightheartedly—eloping.[58] In February–March 1916, Fitzgerald wrote a short story titled "The Perfect Hour" in which he imagined Ginevra and himself blissfully together at last, and he mailed the love story to her by post as a token of his affection.[69] Ginevra read the story aloud to a rival suitor who generously praised Fitzgerald's writing as excellent.[69]

In response to Fitzgerald's "The Perfect Hour" tale, Ginevra herself wrote a Gatsby-like short story which she sent to Fitzgerald on March 6.[21] In her story, she is trapped in a loveless marriage with a wealthy man yet still pines for Fitzgerald, a former lover from her past.[21] The two lovers are reunited only after Fitzgerald attains enough money to take her away from her adulterous husband.[21] Fitzgerald kept Ginevra's story with him until his death, and scholars have noted the plot similarities between Ginevra's story and Fitzgerald's work The Great Gatsby.[22]

Despite Fitzgerald's frequent visits and love letters, Ginevra continued entertaining other suitors[g] and, on May 22, 1916, Westover School expelled Ginevra for flirting with a crowd of young male admirers from her dormitory window.[71] Mary Robbins Hillard, the stern headmistress of Westover school, declared King to be a "bold, bad hussy" and an "adventuress",[72] a term referring to a woman who ensnares wealthy men in order to increase her social position.[73] After legal threats by Ginevra's imperious and influential father, a cowed Hillard readmitted King to the school, but her father—irate at Westover's treatment of his beloved daughter—decided that she instead would complete her education at a New York finishing school.[71] Ginevra recounted these events in her diary:[74]

After all the things that demon [Mary Robbins Hillard] had told me, she was as sweet as sugar to Father, even if he did tell her a few plain truths about herself—You wouldn't have known her for the same woman. She was all smiles, and agreed heartily when Father said he thought the best thing to do would be to take me home, and she was sweet as anything to me when I said "goodbye" to her.... So I left last Monday morn [sic] and since then Pa has gotten a letter [from Hillard] flattering me to the skies, and Father answered her by ripping her clean up the back.[74]

A painting of a young Ginevra King seated, gazing slightly to the side. Her attire includes a light-colored blouse with a dark jacket, which features a prominent collar that frames her neck and shoulders.
Portrait of Ginevra King, June 1915

Fitzgerald regarded Ginevra's expulsion from Westover as a pivotal event that doomed both their relationship and his dreams.[75] He later remarked to his daughter on the fated quality of the incident: "It was in the cards that Ginevra King should get fired from Westover".[76] Due to Ginevra's expulsion, Fitzgerald could no longer visit her frequently from nearby Princeton, and he could no longer court her in the relatively egalitarian collegiate atmosphere which obscured his family's lack of wealth. Instead, he would be forced to continue his romantic pursuit at her family's villa in Lake Forest under the judgmental eyes of her class-conscious parents and in competition with the scions of other affluent Chicago families.[75]

Following her expulsion from Westover, Fitzgerald visited Ginevra in June 1916 at her family's Lake Forest villa, and the two lovers enjoyed a "petting party".[f][68] Two months later, Fitzgerald again visited the King estate, but his reception by her family proved less hospitable.[79] At the time, Lake Forest "was off-limits to Black and Jewish people," and the recurrent appearance of a middle-class Irish Catholic parvenu such as Fitzgerald in the exclusively White Anglo-Saxon Protestant township likely caused a stir.[35]

During this final visit in August 1916, stockbroker Charles Garfield King became irritated by the impoverished Fitzgerald's pursuit of his daughter.[6] He allegedly interrogated the 19-year-old Fitzgerald regarding his financial prospects.[a][80] Disappointed by Fitzgerald's answers, he forbade further courtship of his daughter and instructed Ginevra to drive Fitzgerald to the nearest train station.[a][80] He purportedly remarked, in a voice loud enough to be overheard by the young Fitzgerald, that "poor boys shouldn't think of marrying rich girls".[7][8][81] This line appears in the 1974 and 2013 film adaptations of The Great Gatsby.

Due to her family's intervention, the relationship between Fitzgerald and King stagnated.[82] Their final encounter as a romantic couple occurred in November 1916 amid the Roman colonnades of Penn Station after Ginevra visited the Princeton campus for a Princeton–Yale football game.[83] In an interview decades after Fitzgerald's death, King recalled that she was secretly dating a Yale student in New York by this time,[83] and this complicated her meeting with Fitzgerald who was unaware of the rival suitor awaiting her attentions:[83]

My girlfriend and I had made plans to meet some other, uh, friends. So we said good-bye [to Scott], 'we were going back to school, thanks so much.' Behind the huge pillars in the [train] station there were two guys waiting for us—Yale boys. We couldn't just walk out and leave them standing behind the pillars. Then we were scared to death we'd run into Scott and his friend. But we didn't.[83]

By January 1917, echoing her father's opinion of Fitzgerald, Ginevra had discounted the young writer as a suitable match because of his middle-class status.[82] According to scholar James L. W. West, Ginevra scrutinized Fitzgerald "against the backdrop of Lake Forest by that time, as opposed to seeing him at her school," and she realized he "didn't fit in" with the elite social milieu of the wealthy upper class.[55] A heartbroken Fitzgerald claimed that King rejected his love with "supreme boredom and indifference",[55][11] and he viewed Ginevra as a rich socialite who had merely toyed with his sincere affections before casting him aside.[68] In his mind, Ginevra became—much like Daisy Buchanan—one of the "careless" people of privilege who "smashed up things … then retreated back into their money."[68] In the wake of Ginevra's rejection, a distraught Fitzgerald dropped out of Princeton and enlisted in the United States Army amid World War I.[10]

Arranged marriage to Mitchell

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A cropped passport photograph of newlywed Ginevra King circa 1918 in a frontal pose, looking directly at the camera. Her hair is styled in a short bob, and she is wearing a light-colored blouse with a pearl necklace.
A cropped passport photograph of banker William H. Mitchell circa 1918 wearing a high starch collar, a striped tie, and a dark suit.
Passport photos of newlyweds Ginevra King and Bill Mitchell circa 1918. King inspired the character of Daisy Buchanan and Mitchell partly inspired the character of Tom Buchanan in The Great Gatsby.

While stationed as an army officer near Montgomery, Alabama, Fitzgerald continued writing Ginevra and begged to resume their relationship.[12] During this interlude, Ginevra's father arranged her marriage to a business associate's son as a merger between two elite families.[13] On July 15, 1918, King wrote to Fitzgerald and informed him of her engagement to polo player William "Bill" Mitchell, the son of banker John J. Mitchell, president of the Illinois Trust & Savings Bank and a friend of Charles Garfield King with whom he shared offices in downtown Chicago.[84][85][86] "To say I am the happiest girl on earth would be expressing it mildly", King wrote in a letter to Fitzgerald, "I wish you knew Bill so that you could know how very lucky I am".[20]

According to scholar James L. W. West, "Ginevra's marriage to Bill Mitchell was a dynastic affair very much approved by both sets of parents. In fact Bill's younger brother, Clarence, would marry Ginevra's younger sister Marjorie a few years later."[87] By consenting to marry the son of her father's business associate, Ginevra "made the same choice Daisy Buchanan did, accepting the safe haven of money rather than waiting for a truer love to come along."[55]

Ginevra King married Bill Mitchell at St. Chrysostom's Episcopal Church in Chicago, Illinois, on September 4, 1918.[88] Newspapers lauded the event as one of the most attended weddings of the season.[89] As the arranged marriage occurred amid World War I, a Chicago Tribune columnist described the wedding ceremony as a "war wedding" and heralded the occasion as "the triumph of youth."[90][91] Columnists gushed over "the extreme youth of the bridal couple, their gay and gallant air, their uncommon good looks, the distinguished appearance of both sets of parents, the smart frocks and becoming uniforms, all made an impression of something brilliant, charming, and cheerful."[90][91] The wedding ceremony featured "great garlands of fruit, that Luca della Robbia himself might have designed, [which] outlined the [chapel] arches. The altar, with its wonderful blue reredos was adorned with flowers in blue vases set on a piece of filet lace, rich and rare enough for a royal marriage."[90][91] After the ceremony, Mitchell's parents hosted a lavish wedding reception at the Blackstone Hotel.[89]

A black and white image of a newspaper article with two columns.
Chicago Tribune article describing King's wedding which Fitzgerald kept in his scrapbook with the note: "The end of a once poignant story."

Although Ginevra invited Fitzgerald to the wedding, Fitzgerald could not attend as he was stationed as an army officer in Montgomery, Alabama. Instead, Fitzgerald placed the wedding invitation, newspaper clippings reporting the ceremony, and a piece of Ginevra's handkerchief in his scrapbook with the note: "THE END OF A ONCE POIGNANT STORY."[92][91] Three days after Ginevra's marriage, on September 7, 1918, a lonely Fitzgerald professed his affections for Zelda Sayre,[h] a Southern belle whom he had met in Montgomery and who reminded him of Ginevra.[97][98] A year and a half later, on April 3, 1920, Fitzgerald married Sayre in a simple ceremony at St. Patrick's Cathedral, New York.[99] At the time of their wedding, Fitzgerald later claimed neither he nor Zelda still loved each other,[100][101] and the early years of their marriage in New York City proved to be a bitter disappointment.[102][103][104]

Despite King marrying Bill Mitchell and Fitzgerald marrying Zelda Sayre, Fitzgerald remained forever in love with King until his death, and the author "could not think of her without tears coming to his eyes".[17][18] Following his failed relationship with Ginevra due to his insufficient wealth, Fitzgerald's attitude towards the upper class became embittered,[105][106] and he later wrote in 1926: "Let me tell you about the very rich. They are different from you and me. They possess and enjoy early, and it does something to them, makes them soft where we are hard, and cynical where we are trustful, in a way that, unless you were born rich, it is very difficult to understand. They think, deep in their hearts, that they are better than we are."[107] For the remainder of his life, Fitzgerald harbored a smoldering resentment towards the wealthy.[106]

King and Mitchell had three children, William, Charles, and Ginevra.[108] Her second son Charles suffered from Down syndrome and required constant care.[109] Ultimately, the arranged marriage between King and Mitchell proved unhappy, and the couple had difficulty residing in the same house together.[24] Despite marital discord,[24] Bill Mitchell rose to become the director of the Continental Illinois National Bank and Texaco,[110] and he partly inspired the character of Tom Buchanan in The Great Gatsby.[b][92] His brother, banker Jack Mitchell, co-founded United Airlines and married the only daughter of magnate J. Ogden Armour, the second-richest man in the United States after John D. Rockefeller.[113] By 1926, the extended Mitchell family had amassed in excess of $120 million (equivalent to $2.1 billion in 2023).[114]

Reunion and later years

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As they walked inside, their voices jingled the words 'all these years', and Donald felt a sinking in his stomach. This derived in part from a vision of their last meeting—when she rode past him on a bicycle, cutting him dead—and in part from fear lest they have nothing to say. It was like a college reunion—but there the failure to find the past was disguised by the hurried boisterous occasion. Aghast, he realized that this might be a long and empty hour.

—F. Scott Fitzgerald, "Three Hours Between Planes", July 1941[61]

By the Summer of 1937, the arranged marriage between King and Mitchell had dissolved, and the couple was estranged.[23] During this year, King began an extramarital affair with paramour John T. Pirie, Jr., whom she met during an exclusive North Shore fox hunt.[115] Pirie was the heir presumptive to the Chicago department retailer Carson Pirie Scott & Company.[27]

During the posh fox hunt, Pirie's horse balked at jumping a fence and hurtled him to the ground in an unconscious heap.[23] Trailing behind Pirie on her horse, Ginevra saw him lying motionless on the grass and leaped to the ground.[23] She hovered over Pirie until an ambulance arrived, clambered into the ambulance after him, and stayed with the retail magnate for the remainder of her life.[23]

A photograph of a middle-aged Fitzgerald staring directly at the camera. He is standing outside, and his face is in shadow. He wears a white shirt with a buttoned down collar, a black tie with horizontal white stripes, and a plaid suit.
Fitzgerald in 1937, roughly a year before his final meeting with Ginevra King

One year later, in October 1938, Ginevra rendezvoused with a physically ailing Fitzgerald for the last time at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Hollywood.[i][118] "She was the first girl I ever loved, and I have faithfully avoided seeing her up to this moment to keep the illusion perfect", an ill Fitzgerald informed his daughter Scottie, shortly before the meeting.[55] The reunion between King and Fitzgerald proved a disaster due to the author's alcoholism.[119][26]

A photograph of a green cemetery sward with two flat gray headstones side by side. The left headstone bears the inscription "John T. Pirie Jr.", "May 22, 1903" - "Nov 10, 1980", and the right headstone bears the inscription "Ginevra King Pirie", "November 30, 1898" - "December 13, 1980". Behind them looms a larger upright headstone inscribed with the single word "Pirie".
King's grave at Lake Forest Cemetery

Although Fitzgerald had been "on the wagon" for months, the sight of Ginevra ostensibly broke his resolve.[120] After reminiscing over lunch and paying the check, Fitzgerald lingered with Ginevra at the hotel bar.[121] Shortly before Ginevra's departure, which Fitzgerald thought would be their final meeting, the forlorn author began downing double shots of gin.[121] When Ginevra asked if she had inspired any characters in Fitzgerald's novel The Beautiful and Damned, an inebriated Fitzgerald quipped: "Which bitch do you think you are?"[j][122][123][124] On this note, they parted forever.[121] Fitzgerald used this final meeting as the basis for his 1941 short story (posthumously published), "Three Hours Between Planes".[125] Two years later, the 44-year-old author died of occlusive coronary arteriosclerosis on December 21, 1940.[126]

In 1939, following the death of her 16-year-old disabled son Charles from pneumonia, Ginevra—who already had been living with businessman John T. Pirie[23]—formally divorced Bill Mitchell.[127] After their divorce, Bill Mitchell married heiress Sara Anne Wood, the daughter of General Robert E. Wood who spent three decades as chairman of Sears, Roebuck & Company.[128] In April 1942, King married John T. Pirie, Jr. in a quiet ceremony.[23] Three years later, in September 1945, Ginevra's father Charles Garfield King died at Passavant Hospital in Chicago at the age of 77.[129] By the time of Charles Garfield King's death, the deceased Fitzgerald had experienced a posthumous revival, and the author whom the stockbroker once scorned had become one of the most famous names in America.[130]

In January 1951, Fitzgerald's daughter Scottie sent Ginevra a copy of her letters which the author had kept with him until his death.[131] Reviewing her teenage letters to Fitzgerald, Ginevra commented: "I managed to gag through them, although I was staggering with boredom at myself by the time I was through. Goodness, what a self-centered little ass I was!"[131] "I was too thoughtless in those days," she recalled, "and too much in love with love to think of consequences."[132] King later founded the Ladies Guild of the American Cancer Society.[55] She died in 1980 at the age of 82 at her family's estate in Charleston, South Carolina.[27] She was buried at Lake Forest Cemetery in Illinois.

Legacy and influence

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I've just had rather an unpleasant afternoon. There was a—man I cared about. He told me out of a clear sky that he was poor as a church-mouse. He'd never even hinted it before.... You see, if I'd thought of him as poor—well, I've been mad about loads of poor men, and fully intended to marry them all. But in this case, I hadn't thought of him that way and my interest in him wasn't strong enough to survive the shock.

—Judy Jones, in F. Scott Fitzgerald's Winter Dreams, December 1922[133]

A publicity photograph of actress Lois Wilson in character as Daisy Buchanan. Wilson is sitting down. She has bobbed dark hair and wears a white partly-shear dress with an ornate necklace.
King inspired the character of Daisy Buchanan in The Great Gatsby (portrayed by actress Lois Wilson).

Ginevra King exerted a tremendous influence on Fitzgerald's writing, far more so than his wife Zelda Sayre.[19] Decades after their passionate romance, Fitzgerald described Ginevra as "my first girl 18–20 whom I've used over and over [in my writing] and never forgotten".[19] Scholar Maureen Corrigan notes that "because she's the one who got away, Ginevra—even more than Zelda—is the love who lodged like an irritant in Fitzgerald's imagination, producing the literary pearl that is Daisy Buchanan".[19]

In the mind of the author, King became the prototype of the unobtainable, upper-class woman who embodies the elusive American Dream.[20] In contrast to earlier American authors who viewed the American Dream with considerable optimism,[134] Fitzgerald's literary works such as The Great Gatsby depict the American Dream as an illusion since the pursuit of the dream—much like Fitzgerald's pursuit of Ginevra—only results in dissatisfaction for those who chase it, owing to its unattainability.[135]

In addition to Daisy Buchanan in The Great Gatsby (1925),[136] Fitzgerald's literary oeuvre abounds with characters modeled after and inspired by King, including:[137]

King is featured in the books The Perfect Hour: The Romance of F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ginevra King by James L. W. West III and in a fictionalized form in Gatsby's Girl by Caroline Preston.[145] The musical The Pursuit of Persephone tells the story of King's romance with Fitzgerald.[146] She appears in West of Sunset by Stewart O'Nan, a fictionalized account of Fitzgerald's final years.[147]

See also

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References

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b c Ginevra King revealed details of her father's confrontation with Fitzgerald in a private meeting with actor Bruce Dern during the 1970s.[80]
  2. ^ a b Fitzgerald primarily based Tom Buchanan on Ginevra's father, Charles Garfield King.[111] Like King, Buchanan is an imperious Yale man and polo player from Lake Forest.[111] Another possible model was polo champion Tommy Hitchcock Jr., whom Fitzgerald met on Long Island.[112]
  3. ^ Several articles erroneously assume that the Chicago press coined the nickname, "The Big Four". The four young women invented the name for themselves, and the press never used any such name.[40]
  4. ^ Margaret Livingston Bush, the sister of Prescott Sheldon Bush, later served as a trustee of the Westover School in Middlebury, Connecticut.[51]
  5. ^ Prior to meeting King, Fitzgerald had a "crush" on her roommate Marie Hersey, whom he knew as a boy in St. Paul, Minnesota.[55]
  6. ^ a b Fitzgerald had sex partners prior to Zelda Sayre. He solicited a prostitute in March 1916 during a moment of despair over Ginevra King.[77][78]
  7. ^ One of Fitzgerald's rivals for the affections of Ginevra King was Deering Davis, an American designer and the scion of a well-to-do Chicago family. Davis later married Jazz Age film star Louise Brooks in 1933 and socialite Etti Plesch in 1949.[70]
  8. ^ According to biographer Nancy Milford, "if there was a Confederate establishment in the Deep South, Zelda Sayre came from the heart of it".[93] Zelda's grandfather was Confederate Senator Willis B. Machen.[94] Her father's uncle was John Tyler Morgan, a Confederate general in the American Civil War and the second Grand Dragon of the Ku Klux Klan in Alabama.[95] Her family built the home used by Jefferson Davis for the White House of the Confederacy.[96]
  9. ^ Fitzgerald's alcoholism had undermined his health by the late 1930s.[26][116] His alcoholism resulted in cardiomyopathy, coronary artery disease, angina, dyspnea, and syncopal spells.[116] As his health deteriorated, Fitzgerald feared he would die from congested lungs.[117]
  10. ^ In 2003, Ginevra King's granddaughter cautioned that Fitzgerald's demeanor when stating this quip is unknown,[55] and Fitzgerald scholar James L. West III posits this remark was perhaps said in jest.[55] West asserts the remark is uncharacteristically harsh for Fitzgerald: "He might have said it playfully rather than savagely. That sounds more in character for him. He was not a cruel man."[55]

Citations

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  1. ^ Diamond 2012; Bleil 2008, p. 38.
  2. ^ Diamond 2012; Corrigan 2014, p. 59; Rothman 2012, p. K12.
  3. ^ Borrelli 2013; Bleil 2008, p. 43; McKinney 2017; Bruccoli 2002, pp. 53–59; Corrigan 2014, p. 58.
  4. ^ Smith 2003, p. E1; Corrigan 2014, p. 61; McKinney 2016.
  5. ^ a b c West 2005, p. 35: Contrary to later claims by Ginevra's family, Ginevra wrote in her diary that she was "madly in love with" Fitzgerald: "Oh it was so wonderful to see him again," she wrote on February 20, 1916, "I am madly in love with him. He is so wonderful".
  6. ^ a b Smith 2003, p. E1; Corrigan 2014, p. 61; Dern 2011.
  7. ^ a b Corrigan 2014, p. 61: "The oftrepeated story goes that during an unhappy visit Scott paid to Ginevra's Lake Forest vacation villa in the summer of 1916, her father pontificated, in a loud voice meant to be overheard: 'Poor boys shouldn't think of marrying rich girls.'"
  8. ^ a b Smith 2003, p. E1: "That August Fitzgerald visited Ginevra in Lake Forest, Ill. Afterward he wrote in his ledger foreboding words, spoken to him perhaps by Ginevra's father, 'Poor boys shouldn't think of marrying rich girls.'"
  9. ^ Dern 2011; Corrigan 2014, p. 61.
  10. ^ a b Mizener 1965, p. 70; Bruccoli 2002, pp. 80, 82.
  11. ^ a b Carter 2013: "The heartbroken Fitzgerald, meanwhile, had her correspondence typed and bound."
  12. ^ a b West 2005, pp. 65–66.
  13. ^ a b c Noden 2003: "On July 15, 1918, [Ginevra] writes to tell [Fitzgerald] that on the following day she will announce her engagement to William Mitchell, in what her granddaughter believes was something of an arranged marriage between two prominent Chicago families."
  14. ^ Chicago Tribune 1987, p. 30; Bruccoli 2000, pp. 9–11, 246; Bruccoli 2002, p. 86; West 2005, pp. 66–70; Engagement Announcement 1918, p. 15.
  15. ^ Mitchell Obituary 1987, p. 30; Chicago Tribune 1987, p. 30; West 2005, p. 69.
  16. ^ Bruccoli 2002, p. 86; Noden 2003.
  17. ^ a b Mizener 1972, p. 28: "Ginevra gave substance to an ideal Fitzgerald would cling to for a lifetime; to the end of his days, the thought of her could bring tears to his eyes."
  18. ^ a b Stevens 2003; Noden 2003.
  19. ^ a b c d e f Corrigan 2014, p. 58.
  20. ^ a b c Stepanov 2003.
  21. ^ a b c d e f West 2005, pp. 3, 50–51, 56–57.
  22. ^ a b West 2005, pp. 59: "The correspondences between Ginevra's story and Fitzgerald's novel are close enough to suggest that her story might have had an influence, and perhaps an important one, on the genesis of the novel."
  23. ^ a b c d e f g McKinney 2017.
  24. ^ a b c Noden 2003: King's granddaughter remarked, "I don't think they ever figured out was what it was going to be like to live in the same house together."
  25. ^ a b West 2005, pp. 86–87; Corrigan 2014, p. 59; Smith 2003, p. E1.
  26. ^ a b c MacKie 1970, pp. 17: Commenting upon his alcoholism, Fitzgerald's romantic acquaintance Elizabeth Beckwith MacKie stated the author was "the victim of a tragic historic accident—the accident of Prohibition, when Americans believed that the only honorable protest against a stupid law was to break it."
  27. ^ a b c d Bleil 2008, p. 38; McKinney 2017.
  28. ^ a b 1910 United States Census
  29. ^ West 2005, p. 6; Chicago Tribune 1964, p. 15; Chicago Tribune 1945, p. 17.
  30. ^ West 2005, p. 8; Smith 2003, p. E1.
  31. ^ West 2005, pp. 6–10.
  32. ^ a b West 2005, pp. 6, 67–68; Diamond 2012.
  33. ^ McKinney 2016: "...an exception to the rule of marrying within their circle."
  34. ^ West 2005, p. 67: "Ginevra's marriage to Bill Mitchell was a dynastic affair very much approved by both sets of parents. In fact Bill's younger brother, Clarence, would marry Ginevra's younger sister Marjorie a few years later."
  35. ^ a b Diamond 2022: "Boundaries have always been paramount in Lake Forest. The town was off-limits to Black and Jewish people for decades, and even during the First World War a middle-class Catholic like Fitzgerald showing up could have caused a stir."
  36. ^ Dreier, Mollenkopf & Swanstrom 2004, p. 37: "Lacking the outward signs of high status that the landed nobility of Europe once enjoyed, wealthy American families have long maintained social distance from the 'common people' by withdrawing into upper-class enclaves. Often located on forested hills far from the stench and noise of the industrial districts, places like Greenwich, Connecticut; Lake Forest, Illinois; and Palm Beach, Florida, are 'clear material statement[s] of status, power, and privilege.'"
  37. ^ Diamond 2012; Corrigan 2014, p. 59.
  38. ^ Chicago Tribune 1914, p. 11; Chicago Tribune 1918, p. 15; Rothman 2012, p. K12.
  39. ^ West 2005, pp. 8–9.
  40. ^ a b Rothman 2012, p. K12.
  41. ^ Bleil 2008, p. 32; West 2005, pp. 8–9; Diamond 2012.
  42. ^ West 2005, pp. 8–9; Diamond 2012.
  43. ^ Fitzgerald 1925, p. 144.
  44. ^ McKinney 2016; Diamond 2022.
  45. ^ Bleil 2008, p. 33: Later as an adult, King described her youthful self in a letter to F. Scott Fitzgerald's daughter: "Goodness, what a self-centered little ass I was!"
  46. ^ West 2005, p. 10.
  47. ^ West 2005, p. 9.
  48. ^ a b West 2005, pp. 9–10; Noden 2003.
  49. ^ Bleil 2008, p. 230; Bruccoli 2000, pp. 9, 211; Chicago Tribune 1918, p. 15.
  50. ^ West 2005, p. 11.
  51. ^ Margaret Bush Obituary 1993.
  52. ^ Margaret Bush Obituary 1993; Diamond 2012.
  53. ^ a b West 2005, pp. 11–12; Diamond 2012.
  54. ^ Bleil 2008, pp. 65–66.
  55. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Noden 2003.
  56. ^ Mizener 1972.
  57. ^ West 2005, p. 21; Smith 2003, p. E1.
  58. ^ a b Smith 2003, p. E1.
  59. ^ Mizener 1972; Noden 2003.
  60. ^ Milford 1970, p. 28: "He met and fell in love with Ginevra King, a rich and wildly popular visitor from Chicago, who at sixteen had the social ease of a young duchess. A beauty with dark curling hair and large brown romantic eyes, she had an air of daring and innocent allure. To Fitzgerald, Ginevra King was the embodiment of a dream, and he was immediately and completely captivated."
  61. ^ a b Fitzgerald 1951, p. 465; West 2005, p. 87.
  62. ^ West 2005, p. 26.
  63. ^ West 2005, pp. 26–27; Bleil 2008, pp. 176–177.
  64. ^ Bleil 2008, p. 54; West 2005, p. 28.
  65. ^ Bleil 2008, p. 107; West 2005, p. 33.
  66. ^ a b West 2005, pp. 39–40.
  67. ^ Bleil 2011, p. 15.
  68. ^ a b c d Borrelli 2013.
  69. ^ a b West 2005, p. 50.
  70. ^ McKinney 2016.
  71. ^ a b West 2005, p. 49.
  72. ^ West 2005, p. 49; Dallas 1944.
  73. ^ "Adventuress". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved December 2, 2022.
  74. ^ a b West 2005, pp. 48–49.
  75. ^ a b Bruccoli 2002; Noden 2003.
  76. ^ Bruccoli 2002, p. 63.
  77. ^ Turnbull 1962, p. 70: "It seemed on one March [1916] afternoon that I had lost every single thing I wanted—and that night was the first time I hunted down the spectre of womanhood that, for a little while, makes everything else seem unimportant."
  78. ^ Fitzgerald & Fitzgerald 2002, pp. 314–315: "By your own admission many years after (and for which I have [never] reproached you) you had been seduced and provincially outcast. I sensed this the night we slept together first for you're a poor bluffer".
  79. ^ Smith 2003, p. E1; Corrigan 2014, p. 61.
  80. ^ a b c Dern 2011.
  81. ^ McKinney 2016: "Fitzgerald's sense that Ginevra might be toying with him crystallized during that visit, when he was devastated and never quite recovered from overhearing the words, 'Poor boys shouldn’t think of marrying rich girls'."
  82. ^ a b Noden 2003; Mizener 1965, p. 70; Bruccoli 2002, pp. 80, 82.
  83. ^ a b c d West 2005, pp. 62–64.
  84. ^ Smith 2003, p. E1: "A year later Ginevra wrote that she was engaged to Bill Mitchell, another wealthy young Chicagoan who was the son of a business associate of her father's. She said she wanted Fitzgerald to be the first to know."
  85. ^ West 2005, pp. 67–69; Engagement Announcement 1918, p. 15.
  86. ^ Chicago Tribune 1987, p. 30; Bruccoli 2000, pp. 9–11, 246; Bruccoli 2002, p. 86.
  87. ^ West 2005, p. 67.
  88. ^ West 2005, p. 68; The Dispatch 1918, p. 6.
  89. ^ a b The Dispatch 1918, p. 6.
  90. ^ a b c Madame X 1918, p. 66.
  91. ^ a b c d Bruccoli, Smith & Kerr 2003, p. 27.
  92. ^ a b Bruccoli 2002, p. 86.
  93. ^ Milford 1970, p. 3.
  94. ^ Milford 1970, pp. 3–4.
  95. ^ Davis 1924, pp. 45, 56, 59; Milford 1970, p. 5; Svrluga 2016.
  96. ^ Wagner-Martin 2004, p. 24.
  97. ^ West 2005, p. 73.
  98. ^ Piper 1965, p. 40: "Zelda was attractive and vivacious and reminded him in many ways of Ginevra King".
  99. ^ Turnbull 1962, p. 105; Bruccoli 2002, p. 128.
  100. ^ Bruccoli 2002, p. 479: Fitzgerald wrote in 1939, "You [Zelda] submitted at the moment of our marriage when your passion for me was at as low ebb as mine for you. ... I never wanted the Zelda I married. I didn't love you again till after you became pregnant."
  101. ^ Turnbull 1962, p. 102: "Victory was sweet, though not as sweet as it would have been six months earlier before Zelda had rejected him. Fitzgerald couldn't recapture the thrill of their first love".
  102. ^ Bruccoli 2002, p. 437: In July 1938, Fitzgerald wrote to his daughter that, "I decided to marry your mother after all, even though I knew she was spoiled and meant no good to me. I was sorry immediately I had married her but, being patient in those days, made the best of it".
  103. ^ Bruccoli 2002, p. 129: Describing his marriage to Zelda, Fitzgerald said that—aside from "long conversations" late at night—their relations lacked "a closeness" which they never "achieved in the workaday world of marriage."
  104. ^ Turnbull 1962, p. 110.
  105. ^ Borrelli 2013: Ginevra "came to embody 'not only his condemnation of the rich but his ambivalence, his fascination with wealth and his sense of inferiority around it,' said James L.W. West III, who teaches Fitzgerald at Pennsylvania State University and wrote The Perfect Hour, a 2005 history of Fitzgerald and King's romance."
  106. ^ a b Mizener 1965, p. 141: Fitzgerald harbored "the smouldering hatred of a peasant" towards the wealthy and their elite social milieu.
  107. ^ Fitzgerald 1989, p. 336.
  108. ^ 1930 United States Census
  109. ^ West 2005, pp. 78–79.
  110. ^ Chicago Tribune 1987, p. 30.
  111. ^ a b West 2005, pp. 4, 57–59.
  112. ^ Kruse 2014, pp. 82–88.
  113. ^ Lewis 2019; Associated Press 1985; Los Angeles Times 1985.
  114. ^ Los Angeles Times 1985.
  115. ^ McKinney 2017; Noden 2003.
  116. ^ a b Markel 2017.
  117. ^ Hemingway 1964, pp. 163–164.
  118. ^ Bleil 2008, p. 32.
  119. ^ Bleil 2008, p. 32; Corrigan 2014, p. 59; Smith 2003, p. E1; Noden 2003.
  120. ^ West 2005, p. 86; Smith 2003, p. E1; Noden 2003.
  121. ^ a b c West 2005, p. 86.
  122. ^ Noden 2003: "He drank and, according to the account King gave her granddaughter, looked a sad sight. King asked Fitzgerald if she was one of the characters in The Beautiful and the Damned. 'Which bitch do you think you are?' he replied.
  123. ^ Smith 2003, p. E1: "The couple went to a bar. Fitzgerald began drinking. Ginevra King's granddaughter, Ginevra King Chandler, said that her grandmother asked which of his characters were modeled after her. 'Which bitch do you think you are?' Fitzgerald replied, Ms. Chandler said."
  124. ^ Corrigan 2014, p. 59; West 2005, p. 87.
  125. ^ a b West 2005, p. 87.
  126. ^ Bruccoli 2002, pp. 486–489.
  127. ^ West 2005, p. 88; McKinney 2017; Noden 2003.
  128. ^ Rodkin 2011.
  129. ^ Charles Garfield King Obituary 1945; Chicago Tribune 1945.
  130. ^ Mizener 1960; Verghis 2013.
  131. ^ a b Bleil 2008, p. 33.
  132. ^ Eble 1963, p. 115.
  133. ^ West 2005, Appendix 4: Winter Dreams.
  134. ^ Pearson 1970, p. 638.
  135. ^ Pearson 1970, p. 645; Stepanov 2003.
  136. ^ a b Bleil 2008, p. 43; Stepanov 2003.
  137. ^ Bruccoli 2002, pp. 123–124; Stepanov 2003; Mizener 1972.
  138. ^ Bruccoli 2002, p. 67.
  139. ^ West 2005, p. xiii.
  140. ^ McKinney 2016: "Scott's second visit to Lake Forest in August 1916 was partial inspiration for the quirky short story 'The Diamond as Big as the Ritz'."
  141. ^ Bleil 2008, p. 43; Noden 2003; Corrigan 2014, p. 59.
  142. ^ Corrigan 2014, p. 60.
  143. ^ Bleil 2008, p. 43; Bleil 2011, p. 19; Noden 2003.
  144. ^ McKinney 2016: "During evenings throughout the Lake Forest summers of a century ago, band music floated from the great houses with dancing couples spilling out from spacious rooms to broad terraces. And, as Fitzgerald wrote of his heroine in 'Babes in the Woods', 'The vista of her life seemed an un-ended succession of scenes like this, under the moonlight and pale starlight, and in the backs of warm limousines and low cosy [sic] roadsters stopped under sheltering trees — only the boy might change.'"
  145. ^ West 2005; Hughes 2006.
  146. ^ Hoban 2005, p. E5; Jones 2005.
  147. ^ James 2015.

Works cited

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