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Benorterone

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Benorterone
Clinical data
Other namesSKF-7690; FC-612; 17α-Methyl-B-nortestosterone; 17α-Methyl-B-norandrost-4-en-17β-ol-3-one
Routes of
administration		By mouth, topical[1]
Drug classSteroidal antiandrogen
ATC code
  • None
Identifiers
  • (3S,3aS,5aS,5bR,10aR,10bS)-3-hydroxy-3,3a,5b-trimethyl-1,2,4,5,5a,6,7,10,10a,10b-decahydrocyclopenta[a]fluoren-8-one
CAS Number
PubChem CID
ChemSpider
UNII
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC19H28O2
Molar mass288.431 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • CC12CCC(=O)C=C1CC3C2CCC4(C3CCC4(C)O)C
  • InChI=InChI=1S/C19H28O2/c1-17-7-4-13(20)10-12(17)11-14-15(17)5-8-18(2)16(14)6-9-19(18,3)21/h10,14-16,21H,4-9,11H2,1-3H3/t14-,15+,16+,17+,18+,19+/m1/s1
  • Key:RQETXCPBBLHUIB-UGCZWRCOSA-N

Benorterone, also known by its developmental code name SKF-7690 and as 17α-methyl-B-nortestosterone, is a steroidal antiandrogen which was studied for potential medical use but was never marketed.[2][3] It was the first known antiandrogen to be studied in humans.[1] It is taken by mouth or by application to skin.[1]

Pharmacology

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Pharmacodynamics

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Benorterone is an antiandrogen, or an antagonist of the androgen receptor (AR), the biological target of the androgen sex hormones testosterone and dihydrotestosterone.[3] In one study, the affinity of benorterone for the AR was found to be about 5-fold greater than that of cyproterone acetate in rat prostate cytosol; the Ki values were 0.7 nM for benorterone and 3.7 nM for cyproterone acetate, which were 243% and 46% of those of testosterone (Ki = 1.7 nM), respectively.[4][5] However, another study found that benorterone had only 11% of the affinity of dihydrotestosterone for the androgen receptor.[4] Although an antiandrogen, benorterone actually is a very weak partial agonist of the AR and has been reported to possess weak androgenic activity.[6] The same is true for cyproterone acetate and other steroidal antiandrogens.[7][8]

Unlike certain other steroidal antiandrogens such as cyproterone acetate, benorterone is not also a progestogen, instead being described as a selective and pure AR antagonist similarly to nonsteroidal antiandrogens such as flutamide and bicalutamide.[9][3] However, although it is described as not being a progestogen, benorterone was found to produce "a highly variable decrease in plasma testosterone levels," indicating that it has weak antigonadotropic effects.[3][10] The reasons for this are unclear, as other pure antiandrogens such as cyproterone (not cyproterone acetate) and flutamide do not do this and instead produce consistent increases in testosterone levels.[11] However, it is notable that the anabolic steroid methyltestosterone, which benorterone differs from in chemical structure only by the removal of a carbon atom in the B ring, is aromatized into the estrogen methylestradiol and has potent estrogenic activity.[12] Estrogens are antigonadotropic similarly to androgens and progestogens and are likewise able to suppress testosterone levels.[13] In accordance, the compound corresponding to what would be the aromatized form of benorterone, 17α-methyl-B-norestradiol, has been described and has been reported to possess estrogenic activity, although the aromatization of benorterone has not been assessed.[14]

A couple of studies found that prothrombin levels decreased by 50% in some patients treated with benorterone, although a causal relationship between this change and benorterone could not be shown.[3]

Pharmacokinetics

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Benorterone is active orally and topically and has been studied by both of these routes of administration.[1]

Chemistry

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See also: Steroidal antiandrogen and List of steroidal antiandrogens

Benorterone, also known as 17α-methyl-B-nortestosterone or as 17α-methyl-B-norandrost-4-en-17β-ol-3-one, is a synthetic androstane steroid and a derivative of testosterone.[2] Specifically, it is the C17α methyl and B-nor analogue of testosterone and the B-nor analogue of methyltestosterone.[2] Other testosterone-derived steroidal antiandrogens include abiraterone acetate, BOMT, delanterone, dienogest, galeterone, metogest, mifepristone, oxendolone, rosterolone, topterone, trimethyltrienolone, and zanoterone, while progesterone-derived steroidal antiandrogens include examples like cyproterone and cyproterone acetate.[2]

History

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Benorterone was developed in the late 1950s, was first reported to possess antiandrogenic activity in 1964, and was investigated in clinical trials in the mid-to-late 1960s.[2][1][6] It was the first known antiandrogen to be studied in humans.[1] The drug was found to be effective in the treatment of acne, seborrhea, and hirsutism in women.[3][15][16] In addition, unlike progestogenic antiandrogens such as cyproterone acetate, it seldom produced side effects in women and did not affect menstruation.[3] However, in males, benorterone was not effective for acne, and produced high rates of gynecomastia (in 12 out of 13 or 92% of young men treated with 75 to 300 mg/day benorterone).[17][18][19] Shortly following the observance of this side effect, it was withdrawn from clinical studies.[3][1] Subsequently, cyproterone acetate, which has a greatly reduced risk of gynecomastia by virtue of its concomitant progestogenic and antigonadotropic actions (which results in suppression of estrogen levels), was developed instead and was introduced for medical use in 1973.[20] In addition, spironolactone, a steroidal antimineralocorticoid that was introduced for medical use in 1959, was discovered to possess potent antiandrogenic activity in 1969, and became widely used clinically as an antiandrogen after its first use in an androgen-dependent condition in 1978.[21][22][23]

Society and culture

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Generic names

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Benorterone is the generic name of the drug and its INNTooltip International Nonproprietary Name and USANTooltip United States Adopted Name.[2] It is also known by its developmental code names SKF-7690 and FC-612.[2]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g Jacobs HS (1979). Advances in gynaecological endocrinology: proceedings of the Sixth Study Group of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, 18th and 19th October, 1978. The College. p. 367. ISBN 978-0-87489-225-3. Limited clinical experience also exists with benorterone, the first anti-androgen tried in man, and with free cyproterone. In the late sixties benorterone was reported to give promising results in 93 androgenized women but was soon withdrawn from clinical trial, mainly because of the development of gynaecomastia in the male. As a big advantage compared with CPA, it was found to be effective not only orally but also topically. Free cyproterone, on the other hand, proved to be without clinical value for reasons that cannot be discussed here. Thus we are left with CPA as the only anti-androgen that is already on the market in several countries.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Elks J (14 November 2014). The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies. Springer. pp. 129–. ISBN 978-1-4757-2085-3.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Gräf KJ, Brotherton J, Neumann F (27 November 2013). "Clinical Uses of Anti Androgens (other than for hypersexuality and sexual deviations)". In Hughes A, Hasan SH, Oertel GW, Voss HE, Bahner F, Neumann F, et al. (eds.). Androgens II and Antiandrogens / Androgene II und Antiandrogene. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 491–492, 516–517, 523. ISBN 978-3-642-80859-3.
  4. ^ a b Tindall DJ, Chang CH, Lobl TJ, Cunningham GR (1984). "Androgen antagonists in androgen target tissues". Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 24 (3): 367–400. doi:10.1016/0163-7258(84)90010-X. PMID 6205409.
  5. ^ Stárka L, Sulcová J, Broulik PD, Joska J, Fajkos J, Doskocil M (September 1977). "Screening for antiandrogenic activity of some 4,5-cyclo-A-homo-B-nor-and-androstane derivatives". Journal of Steroid Biochemistry. 8 (9): 939–941. doi:10.1016/0022-4731(77)90190-X. PMID 916678.
  6. ^ a b Pria SD, Greenblatt RB, Mahesh VB (April 1969). "An antiandrogen in acne and idiopathic hirsutism". The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 52 (4): 348–350. doi:10.1038/jid.1969.58. PMID 4238084.
  7. ^ Figg WD, Chau CH, Small EJ (14 September 2010). Drug Management of Prostate Cancer. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 71–. ISBN 978-1-60327-829-4.
  8. ^ Fritz MA, Speroff L (2011). Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and Infertility. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 80–. ISBN 978-0-7817-7968-5.
  9. ^ Saunders HL, Holden K, Kerwin JF (1964). "The anti-androgenic activity of 17α-methyl-B-nortestosterone (SK&F 7690)". Steroids. 3 (6): 687–698. doi:10.1016/0039-128X(64)90117-5. ISSN 0039-128X.
  10. ^ Mahesh VB (January 2012). "Hirsutism, virilism, polycystic ovarian disease, and the steroid-gonadotropin-feedback system: a career retrospective". American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism. 302 (1): E4–E18. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00488.2011. PMC 3328092. PMID 22028409.
  11. ^ Becker KL (2001). Principles and Practice of Endocrinology and Metabolism. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 1196–. ISBN 978-0-7817-1750-2.
  12. ^ Llewellyn W (2011). Anabolics. Molecular Nutrition Llc. pp. 533–. ISBN 978-0-9828280-1-4.
  13. ^ Oettel M (6 December 2012). "Estrogens and Antiestrogens in the Male". In Oettel M, Schillinger E (eds.). Estrogens and Antiestrogens II: Pharmacology and Clinical Application of Estrogens and Antiestrogen. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 505–574 (543). ISBN 978-3-642-60107-1.
  14. ^ US 3377361, Fare LR, Kerwin JR, Kinney RW, "B-norestrogens", issued 9 April 1968, assigned to Smith Kline and French Laboratories Ltd. 
  15. ^ Zarate A, Mahesh VB, Greenblatt RB (December 1966). "Effect of an antiandrogen, 17-alpha-methyl-B-nortestosterone, on acne and hirsutism". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 26 (12): 1394–1398. doi:10.1210/jcem-26-12-1394. PMID 4225258.
  16. ^ Orfanos CE, Happle R (1990). Hair and Hair Diseases. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 1195–. ISBN 978-3-642-74612-3.
  17. ^ Hammerstein J (1990). "Antiandrogens: Clinical Aspects". Hair and Hair Diseases. Springer. pp. 827–886. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-74612-3_35. ISBN 978-3-642-74614-7.
  18. ^ Caplan RM (September 1967). "Gynecomastia from a non-estrogenic anti-androgen". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 27 (9): 1348–1349. doi:10.1210/jcem-27-9-1348. PMID 4227085.
  19. ^ Sobrinho LG, Kase N, Grunt JA (October 1971). "Spontaneous pubertal breast growth in a castrated patient with the syndrome of testicular feminization". The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. 44 (2): 225–229. PMC 2591727. PMID 5123057.
  20. ^ William Andrew Publishing (22 October 2013). Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition. Elsevier. pp. 1182–. ISBN 978-0-8155-1856-3.
  21. ^ Steelman SL, Brooks JR, Morgan ER, Patanelli DJ (October 1969). "Anti-androgenic activity of spironolactone". Steroids. 14 (4): 449–450. doi:10.1016/S0039-128X(69)80007-3. PMID 5344274.
  22. ^ Ober KP, Hennessy JF (November 1978). "Spironolactone therapy for hirsutism in a hyperandrogenic woman". Annals of Internal Medicine. 89 (5 Pt 1): 643–644. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-89-5-643. PMID 717935.
  23. ^ Curtis M, Antoniewicz L, Linares ST (2014). Glass' Office Gynecology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 47–. ISBN 978-1-60831-820-9.
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