Barranquenho
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| Barranquenho | |
|---|---|
| Barranquenhu | |
| Native to | Portugal |
| Region | Barrancos |
Native speakers | (undated figure of 1,500)[1] |
Early forms | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | None (mis) |
1oy | |
| Glottolog | None |
 Location of Barrancos in the Beja District | |
Barranquenho (Barranquenhu[2]) is a Romance linguistic variety spoken in the Portuguese town of Barrancos, near the Spanish border. It is a mixed language, and can be considered either a variety of Portuguese (Alentejan Portuguese) heavily influenced by the Spanish dialects of neighbouring areas in Spain in Extremadura and Andalusia (especially those from Encinasola and Rosal de la Frontera),[3] or a Spanish dialect (Extremaduran / Andalusian) heavily influenced by Portuguese.
Barranquenho speakers maintain that they speak neither Spanish nor Portuguese but a third language altogether different. Ethnologue lists Barranquenho (as Barranquian) as a dialect of Extremaduran, perhaps because Barrancos was populated by settlers from Badajoz, a city in Extremadura, though not in an Extremaduran language speaking area.[4]
The development of Barranquenho seems to be relatively recent, the variety developing no earlier than 1527 and likely by the early 1800s, unlike other minority linguistic varieties in the Iberian Peninsula, which have medieval roots.[5]
Characteristics
[edit] | This section relies largely or entirely on a single source. (June 2022) |
Like Portuguese, Barranquenho has seven oral vowels and contrasts /s/ and /z/.[6]
The Portuguese base of this dialect is extremely hidden behind the Spanish dialects that mold it. The most characteristic aspect of this dialect is the aspiration of the ⟨s⟩ and ⟨z⟩ in the end of words, as in all the Extremaduran, Andalusian, and other southern peninsular dialects: cruh (Portuguese/Spanish: cruz; English: cross), buhcá (Portuguese/Spanish: buscar; English: search). Sometimes these letters can be completely muted: uma bê (Portuguese: uma vez; English: once).[7] The Portuguese ⟨j⟩, ⟨ge⟩ and ⟨gi⟩, usually pronounced as [ʒ], are pronounced as [x].
The ⟨l⟩ and ⟨r⟩ in the end of the words are not pronounced: Manué (Manuel), olivá (Spanish: olivar).[7] But they appear again in the plural form: olivareh (olivares). If the ⟨l⟩ is at the end of a syllable it turns into ⟨r⟩: argo (Portuguese/Spanish: algo). This is due to the influence of Andalusian and Extremaduran Spanish. Like in Spanish, and also some monolingual dialects of Portuguese, there is no differentiation between ⟨b⟩ and ⟨v⟩,[6] both are pronounced as either [b] or [β]. Just as in Extremaduran and some southern dialects of Portuguese, the -e suffix at the end of a word (for example pobre) is pronounced IPA: [i], as opposed to [ɨ] in standard European Portuguese or [e] in Spanish.[7]
The Portuguese form of the first person of the plural, nós, is replaced by nusotrus - a variation of the Spanish nosotros. The placing of the pronouns is closer to the Spanish norm than to the Portuguese: se lavô (Portuguese: lavou-se; Spanish: se lavó; English: was washed).
It also contains many verbal forms of clearly Spanish conjugation: andubi (Portuguese: andei, Spanish: anduve); supimos (Portuguese: soubemos; Spanish: supimos).
Barranquenho uses Portuguese definite and indefinite articles like o, a, os, as. It prefers the Spanish diminutive -ito to the Portuguese -inho, and it typically uses the present subjunctive for future reference, as in quando eli benha 'when he comes'.[7]
Recognition
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On 26 November 2021, the Parliament of Portugal unanimously voted for the approval of a resolution through which Barranquenho was recognized and protected in the municipality.[8]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Extremaduran (Portugal) at Ethnologue (16th ed., 2009)
- ^ Diaz-Campos, Manuel (2011). The Handbook of Hispanic Sociolinguistics. John Wiley & Sons. p. 402. ISBN 9781444393439.
- ^ José Leite de Vasconcelos, Filologia Barranquenha - apontamentos para o seu estudo, 1940.
- ^ Pountain, Christopher J. (2012). "Spanish Among the Ibero-Romance Languages". In Hualde, José Ignacio; Olarrea, Antxon; O'Rourke, Erin (eds.). The handbook of Hispanic linguistics. Hoboken: Blackwell Publishing. p. 60. doi:10.1002/9781118228098.ch3. ISBN 9781405198820.
- ^ Clements, J. Clancy; Amaral, Patrícia; Luís, Ana R. (2011). "Spanish in Contact with Portuguese: The Case of Barranquenho". In Díaz-Campos, Manuel (ed.). The handbook of Hispanic sociolinguistics. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 395–417. doi:10.1002/9781444393446.ch19. ISBN 9781405195003.
- ^ a b Carvalho, Ana Maria; Lucchesi, Dante (2016). "Portuguese in Contact". In Wetzels, W. Leo; Costa, João; Menuzzi, Sergio (eds.). The handbook of Portuguese linguistics (1 ed.). Malden, MA: John Wiley & Sons. p. 52. doi:10.1002/9781118791844.ch3. ISBN 9781118791950.
- ^ a b c d Lipski, John M. (2006). "Too Close for Comfort? The Genesis of "Portuñol/Portunhol"". In Face, Timothy L.; Klee, Carol A. (eds.). Selected Proceedings of the 8th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium. Somerville, MA, USA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. pp. 1–22. ISBN 978-1-57473-408-9.
- ^ Sousa, Guilhermina; Teles, Gonçalo (20 December 2021). "O barranquenho já tem proteção. Agora falta quem o ensine e quem o mantenha original" (in Portuguese). TSF.
Bibliography
[edit]- Clements, J. Clancy (2009). "Barranquenho". The linguistic legacy of Spanish and Portuguese: colonial expansion and language change. Cambridge. pp. 190–209. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511576171.009. ISBN 9780511576171.
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