Conus miliaris

Conus miliaris
Apertural view of a shell of Conus miliaris miliaris
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Gastropoda
Subclass:	Caenogastropoda
Order:	Neogastropoda
Superfamily:	Conoidea
Family:	Conidae
Genus:	Conus
Species:	C. miliaris
Binomial name
Conus miliaris Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 [1]
Synonyms[2]
Conus (Virroconus) miliaris Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 · accepted, alternate representation Conus barbadensis Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 Conus fulgetrum G. B. Sowerby II, 1834 Conus miliaris var. minor Couturier, 1907 (invalid: junior homonym of Conus mediterraneus var. minor Monterosato, 1878) Conus minimus var. granulatus G. B. Sowerby I, 1834 Conus scaber Kiener, 1845 Miliariconus miliaris Hwass, C.H. in Bruguière, J.G., 1792

Conus miliaris, common name the thousand-spot cone, is a species of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.^[2]

Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all.

Subspecies

• Conus miliaris miliaris Hwass in Bruguière, 1792
• Conus miliaris pascuensis Rehder, H.A., 1980

The size of an adult shell varies between 12 mm and 43 mm. The spire is more or less raised, striate or sometimes nearly smooth, with or without tubercles The body whorl is striate, the stride usually grannlous towards the base, and sometimes throughout. The color of the shell is yellowish or light chestnut or grayish, variously clouded with darker chestnut or olive, often irregularly light-banded at the middle, and below the spire, and encircled with chestnut spots on the striae. The interior is chocolate, with a central white band. There is considerable variation in the height and coronation of the spire, as well as in the color and pattern of the markings.^[3]

Conus miliaris is a species of wide distribution, and apparently everywhere common. It occurs in tropical to subtropical shallow water environments from the Red Sea and eastern shores of Africa in the western Indian Ocean (Aldabra, Chagos, Kenya, Madagascar, the Mascarene Basin, Mauritius, Mozambique and Tanzania) to Easter Island and Sala y Gómez in the southeastern Pacific (but not off the Galapagos Islands, the Marquesas Islands and Hawaii).;^[4] off Australia (New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia).

These snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all.

Presumably in response to the relative absence of congeners at Easter Island, Conus miliaris has undergone ecological release: it preys on a more diverse assemblage of prey at Easter Island and is more abundant at Easter Island than at other localities in its range.^[4] Conus miliaris from most areas in the Indo-West Pacific, where it co-occurs with as many as 36 congeners, preys almost exclusively on three species of eunicid polychaetes (Eunicidae).^[4]

But at Easter Island its diet is considerably broader and includes additional species of eunicids as well as several species of nereids, an onuphid and members of seven other polychaete families.^[4] Its prey on Easter Island include: Eunicidae includes Lysidice collaris, Nematonereis unicornis, Eunice afra, Eunice cariboea and Palola siciliensis; Nereididae includes Perinereis singaporensis; Onuphidae includes Onuphis sp.^[4]

Below are several color forms and one subspecies:

• 
  Conus miliaris Hwass in Bruguière, J.G., 1792
• 
  Conus miliaris Hwass in Bruguière, J.G., 1792
• 
  Conus miliaris Hwass in Bruguière, J.G., 1792
• 
  Conus miliaris Hwass in Bruguière, J.G., 1792
• 
  holotype of Conus miliaris pascuensis Rehder, 1980 (holotype at the Smithsonian Institution)

This article incorporates CC-BY-2.5 text from the reference ^[4]

• Bruguière, M. 1792. Encyclopédie Méthodique ou par ordre de matières. Histoire naturelle des vers. Paris : Panckoucke Vol. 1 i-xviii, 757 pp.
• Sowerby, G.B. (1st) 1834. Conus. pls 54–57 in Sowerby, G.B. (2nd) (ed). The Conchological Illustrations or coloured figures of all the hitherto unfigured recent shells. London : G.B. Sowerby (2nd).
• Kiener, L.C. 1845. Spécies général et Iconographie des coquilles vivantes, comprenant la collection du Muséum d'histoire Naturelle de Paris, la collection de Lamarck, celle du Prince Massena (appartenant maintenant a M. le Baron B. Delessert) et les découvertes récentes des voyageurs. Paris : Rousseau et Baillière Vol. 2.
• Dautzenberg, Ph. (1929). Mollusques testacés marins de Madagascar. Faune des Colonies Francaises, Tome III
• Cernohorsky, W.O. 1978. Tropical Pacific Marine Shells. Sydney : Pacific Publications 352 pp., 68 pls.
• Rehder, H. A. 1980. Smithson. Contrib. Zool. 289: 91, plate 9, figure 21–22.
• Röckel, D., Korn, W. & Kohn, A.J. 1995. Manual of the Living Conidae. Volume 1: Indo-Pacific Region. Wiesbaden : Hemmen 517 pp.
• Filmer R.M. (2001). A Catalogue of Nomenclature and Taxonomy in the Living Conidae 1758 - 1998. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. 388pp.
• Tucker J.K. (2009). Recent cone species database. September 4, 2009 Edition
• Spencer, H.; Marshall. B. (2009). All Mollusca except Opisthobranchia. In: Gordon, D. (Ed.) (2009). New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity. Volume One: Kingdom Animalia. 584 pp
• Puillandre N., Duda T.F., Meyer C., Olivera B.M. & Bouchet P. (2015). One, four or 100 genera? A new classification of the cone snails. Journal of Molluscan Studies. 81: 1–23

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Conus miliaris.

• The Conus Biodiversity website
• "Miliariconus miliaris miliaris". Gastropods.com. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
• Cone Shells - Knights of the Sea