1880 United Kingdom general election

1880 United Kingdom general election
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All 652 seats in the House of Commons; 327 seats needed for a majority
	Colours denote the winning party
	Composition of the House of Commons after the election
Prime Minister before election; Earl of Beaconsfield; Conservative	Prime Minister after the election ; William Gladstone; Liberal

The 1880 United Kingdom general election was a general election in the United Kingdom held from 31 March to 27 April 1880.

Its intense rhetoric was led by the Midlothian campaign of the Liberals, particularly the fierce oratory of Liberal leader William Gladstone.^[2] He vehemently attacked the foreign policy of the government of Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield, as utterly immoral. The endeavours of the Disraeli government in Africa, India, Afghanistan and Europe, which were only partially successful and often accompanied by early, humiliating defeats, gave a good deal of fodder to Gladstone for his attacks.

Liberals secured one of their largest-ever majorities, leaving the Conservatives a distant second. As a result of the campaign, the Liberal Commons leader, Lord Hartington and that in the Lords, Lord Granville, stood back in favour of Gladstone, who thus became Prime Minister a second time. It was the last general election in which any party other than the Conservatives won a majority of the votes (rather than a mere plurality).

Issues

A painting by Alfred George Palmer of election night outside Exeter Guildhall in the collection of the Royal Albert Memorial Museum (333/1997).

The Conservative government was doomed by the poor condition of the British economy and the vulnerability of its foreign policy to moralistic attacks by the Liberals. William Gladstone, appealing to moralistic evangelicals, led the attack on the foreign policy of Benjamin Disraeli (now known as Lord Beaconsfield) as immoral.^[3] Historian Paul Smith paraphrases the rhetorical tone which focused on attacking "Beaconsfieldism" (in Smith's words) as a:

Sinister system of policy, which not merely involved the country in immoral, vainglorious and expensive external adventures, inimical to peace and to the rights of small peoples, but aimed at nothing less than the subversion of parliamentary government in favour of some simulacrum of the oriental despotism its creator was alleged to admire.^[4]

Smith notes that there was indeed some substance to the allegations, but: "Most of this was partisan extravaganza, worthy of its target's own excursions against the Whigs."^[5]

Crowds wait outside Leeds Town Hall to hear the result

Disraeli himself was now the Earl of Beaconsfield in the House of Lords, and custom did not allow peers to campaign; this denuded the Conservatives of other important figures such as the Marquess of Salisbury and Lord Cranbrook, and the party was unable to deal effectively with the rhetorical onslaught.^[6] Although he had improved the organisation of the Conservative Party, Disraeli was firmly based in the rural gentry, and had little contact with or understanding of the urban middle class that was increasingly dominating his party.

Besides their trouble with foreign policy issues, it was even more important that the Conservatives were unable to effectively defend their economic record on the home front. The 1870s coincided with a long-term global depression caused by the collapse of the worldwide railway boom of the 1870s which previously had been so profitable to Britain. The stress was growing by the late 1870s; prices fell, profits fell, employment fell, and there was downward pressure on wage rates that caused much hardship among the industrial working class. The free trade system supported by both parties made Britain defenceless against the flood of cheap wheat from North America, which was exacerbated by the worst harvest of the century in Britain in 1879. The party in power got the blame, and Liberals repeatedly emphasised the growing budget deficit as a measure of bad stewardship. In the election itself, Disraeli's party lost heavily up and down the line, especially in Scotland and Ireland, and in the urban boroughs. His Conservative strength fell from 351 to 238, while the Liberals jumped from 250 to 353. Disraeli resigned on 21 April 1880.^[7]

Results

UK General Election 1880

Party		Candidates						Votes
Party		Stood	Elected	Gained	Unseated	Net	% of total	%	No.	Net %
	Liberal	499	352^[a]	+132	-22	+110	53.99	54.66	1,836,423	+2.7
	Conservative	521	237	+20	-133	−113	36.35	42.46	1,426,351	−1.8
	Home Rule	81	63	+6	-3	+3	9.66	2.84	95,535	−0.9
	Independent	2	0	0	0	0	0	0.03	1,107	0

Voting summary

Popular vote

Liberal			54.66%
Conservative			42.46%
Home Rule			2.84%
Others			0.03%

Seats summary

Parliamentary seats

Liberal			53.99%
Conservative			36.35%
Home Rule			9.66%

Regional results

Great Britain

Largest party in each constituent country

Party		Seats	Seats change	Votes	%	% change
	Liberal	334	104	1,780,171	57.3	1.9
	Lib-Lab	3	1	1,780,171	57.3	1.9
	Conservative	214	105	1,326,744	42.7	1.9
	Other	0		1,107	0.04	0.04
Total		551		3,108,022	100

England

Party		Seats	Seats change	Votes	%	% change
	Liberal	251	82	1,519,576	56.2	2.4
	Lib-Lab	3	1	1,519,576	56.2	2.4
	Conservative	197	83	1,205,990	43.7	2.5
	Other	0		1,107	0.1	0.1
Total		451		2,726,673	100

Scotland

Party		Seats	Seats change	Votes	%	% change
	Liberal	52	12	195,517	70.1	1.7
	Conservative	6	12	74,145	29.9	1.7
Total		58		269,662	100

Wales

Party		Seats	Seats change	Votes	%	% change
	Liberal	29	10	50,403	58.8	2.1
	Conservative	4	10	41,106	41.2	2.1
Total		33		100,509	100

Ireland

Party		Seats	Seats change	Votes	%	% change
	Home Rule	63	3	95,535	37.5	2.1%
	Irish Conservative	23	8	99,607	39.8	1.0%
	Liberal	15	5	56,252	22.7	4.3%
Total		101		251,394	100

Universities

Party		Seats	Votes	%
	Conservative	7	5,503	49.2
	Liberal	2	5,675	50.8
Total		9	11,178	100

Notes

^ ^a ^b The seat and vote count figures for the Liberals given here include the Speaker of the House of Commons

References

^ "Data" (PDF), parliament.uk
^ Fitzsimons 1960, pp. 187–201.
^ Matthew 1997, pp. 293–312.
^ Smith 1996, pp. 198–99.
^ Smith 1996, p. 199.
^ Roberts, Andrew (2000). Salisbury: Victorian Titan. London: Phoenix. p. 238. ISBN 0-75381-091-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
^ Smith 1996, pp. 202–3; Blake 1967, pp. 707–13, 717.

Sources and further reading

Blake, Robert (1967), Disraeli, EA London, ISBN 978-1-84413-312-3
Chilston, Viscount. "The 1880 Election: A Historical Landmark." Parliamentary Affairs 14 (June 1961): 477-492.
Craig, F. W. S. (1989), British Electoral Facts: 1832–1987, Dartmouth: Gower, ISBN 0900178302
Fitzsimons, M. A. (1960), "Midlothian: the Triumph and Frustration of the British Liberal Party", Review of Politics, 22 (2): 187–201, doi:10.1017/S0034670500008202, JSTOR 1405317, S2CID 144807807
Lloyd, T.O. The General Election of 1880 (Oxford UP, 1967)
Matthew, H. C. G. (1997), Gladstone: 1809–1898, Clarendon Press, ISBN 0-19-820696-8
Rallings, Colin; Thrasher, Michael, eds. (2000), British Electoral Facts 1832–1999, Ashgate Publishing Ltd
Roberts, Matthew. "Election Cartoons and Political Communication In Victorian England.' Cultural & Social History (2013) 10#3 pp 369–395, covers 1860 to 1890.
Smith, Paul (1996), Disraeli: A Brief Life, Cambridge UP, ISBN 9780521381505

External links

Spartacus: Political Parties and Election Results

[speaker-2] The seat and vote count figures for the Liberals given here include the Speaker of the House of Commons

[1] "Data" (PDF), parliament.uk

[FOOTNOTEFitzsimons1960187–201-3] Fitzsimons 1960, pp. 187–201.

[FOOTNOTEMatthew1997293–312-4] Matthew 1997, pp. 293–312.

[FOOTNOTESmith1996198–99-5] Smith 1996, pp. 198–99.

[FOOTNOTESmith1996199-6] Smith 1996, p. 199.

[7] Roberts, Andrew (2000). Salisbury: Victorian Titan. London: Phoenix. p. 238. ISBN 0-75381-091-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)

[FOOTNOTESmith1996202–3Blake1967707–13,_717-8] Smith 1996, pp. 202–3; Blake 1967, pp. 707–13, 717.

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